List of empires


This is an alphabetical list of empires. The table may be resorted by other columns if your browser supports this function.

Empires and dynasties

EmpireOriginCapitalFromToDurationNote
Achaemenid EmpireIranVarious, including Pasargadae, Ecbatana, Persepolis, Susa, BabylonThe first Persian empire, and the largest one in classical antiquity, founded by Cyrus the Great.
Afsharid DynastyIranMashhadFounded by Nader Shah, at its peak expanded Persia as far west as Baghdad, and as far east as Delhi.
Abbasid CaliphateIraqBaghdad, Raqqa, Kufa, Samarra, AnbarSuccessor of the Umayyad Caliphate.
Ahom DynastyNorth East IndiaCharaideo, Garhgaon, Rangpur, Jorhat610It is well known for maintaining its sovereignty for nearly 600 years and successfully resisting Mughal expansion in Northeast India.
Akkadian EmpireSumerAkkad100The Second Empire On The Earth.
Aksumite EmpireEthiopiaAxum790Succeeded by the Ethiopian Empire.
AkwamuWest AfricaAkwamufie, Nyanoase362
Almohad CaliphateMoroccoMarrakech, Seville148
Almoravid dynastyMoroccoAghmat, Marrakech 107
Angevin EmpireEngland, FranceNo official capital. Court was generally held at Angers and Chinon88
Armenian EmpireArmeniaTigranakert618Tigranes the Great took the title King of Kings.
AssyriaMesopotamiaAssur, later Nineveh1119
Ashanti EmpireWest AfricaKumasi232
Austrian EmpireAustriaVienna63Preceded by the Holy Roman Empire.
Austria-HungaryAustria, HungaryVienna, Budapest51Often referred to as the "Austro-Hungarian Empire". Formed out of the Austrian Empire as a result of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867. Officially a real union of the rump Austrian Empire and the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen/Transleithania. Ruler was therefore referred to as Kaiser und König.
Ayyubid dynastyMiddle EastCairo, Damascus, Hama170Founded by Saladin, See also List of Muslim states and dynasties.
Aztec EmpireMesoamericaTenochtitlan93The capital of Mexico, Mexico City, is built on the ruins of Tenochtitlan.
Babylonian EmpireMesopotamiaBabylon300See also Neo-Babylonian Empire.
BalhaeNorth Korea, ManchuriaSanggyeong228Successor of Goguryeo.
Bamana EmpireWest AfricaSégou149Also known as the Bambara Empire or Ségou Empire
Belgian colonial empireBelgiumBrussels61Overseas possessions were referred to as "the colonies" rather than an empire.
Benin EmpireNigeriaBenin City457
Kadamba dynastyKarnatakaBanavasi200The Kadambas were an ancient royal family of Karnataka, India, that ruled northern Karnataka and the Konkan from Banavasi in present-day Uttara Kannada district. The kingdom was founded by Mayurasharma in 345 C.E
Bornu EmpireNigeriaNgazargamu506The continuation of the Kanem Empire.
Empire of BrazilBrazilRio de Janeiro67Established after Pedro I of Brazil declared the independence of Brazil from Portugal.
Britannic EmpireBritainLondinium10Was a break-away state of the Roman Empire. See also the Carausian Revolt.
British EmpireUnited KingdomLondonEither surviving to Present or ended in 1997 as of or 394 as of 1997The largest empire in world history. Precursor to the modern Commonwealth of Nations. Empire still continues in the form of British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies. Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II remains as sovereign. Some consider the handover of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China on 1 July 1997 as the end of the British Empire.
British RajIndian SubcontinentCalcutta, New Delhi 89Governed by the Crown and part of the British Empire. Queen Victoria was proclaimed Empress of India in 1876.
Bruneian EmpireBorneoNot specified, possibly Kota Batu520Lasted until it became a British protectorate in 1888.
First Bulgarian EmpireBalkansPliska, Preslav, Skopie, Ohrid 338Founded by Khan Asparukh. Under Tsar Simeon I became the first powerful Slavic Empire. Falls to the Byzantine Empire under Emperor Basil II.
Second Bulgarian EmpireBalkansTarnovo237Successor of the First Bulgarian Empire. Under the Tsars Kaloyan and Ivan Asen II became the most powerful state in the Balkans.
Duchy of BurgundyWestern EuropeDijon113Theorically vassal of France. Ruled a very large territory from Alps to North Sea.
Buyid dynastyPersiaShiraz121
Byzantine EmpireEastern Roman Empire Constantinople1176The eastern half of the Roman Empire. Term conventionally used since the 19th century to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire during the Middle Ages.
Caliphate of CórdobaIberian PeninsulaCórdoba275See also Islamic Empire.
Cao WeiChinaLuoyang45See also Three Kingdoms.
Carthaginian EmpireNorth AfricaCarthage504
Cebu RajahnatePhilippinesCebu City12791565286An Indianized state founded by a minor Chola prince.
Chagatai KhanateTransoxaniaAlmaliq, Qarshi462Division of the Mongol Empire.
Chalukya dynastyIndiaBadami210
Chauhan dynastyNorthern IndiaDelhi400
ChenlaCambodiaIsanapura252Succeeded by the Khmer Empire.
Chera dynastySouth IndiaVanchi Muthur, Karur, Kodungallur, Kollam.2129A Tamil dynasty which includes Early Cheras, Medieval Cheras, Kodungallur Cheras and Venadu Cheras.
Chola dynastySouth IndiaUraiyur, Pazhaiyaarai, Thanjavur, Gangaikonda Cholapuram1940A Tamil dynasty which includes Early Cholas, Medieval Cholas and Later Cholas till the reign of Virasekhara Chola.
Commonwealth of EnglandBritish IslesLondon11Short puritan and republican period in Britain. The Cromwell's army conquered Ireland and Jamaica.
Congo Free Stateactual Congo-KinshasaVivi then Boma23Private kingdom of Leopold II. Annexed by Belgium after the revelation of committed atrocities in rubber plantations.
Crimean KhanateBlack SeaBakhchysarai342One of the last Turkic kingdoms, annexed by Russia.
Dacian EmpireRomaniaSarmizegetusa RegiaReached its territorial expansion under King Burebista and also had the title of King of Kings.
Danish colonial empireDenmark CopenhagenSee also Danish overseas colonies.
Delhi SultanateIndiaDelhi321
Durrani EmpireAfghanistanKandahar, Kabul
Dutch EmpireNetherlandsAmsterdam407See also Dutch East India Company and Dutch West India Company.
Egyptian EmpireEgyptVarious, including Thebes, Akhetaten, Pi-Ramesses, Memphis473See also 18th Dynasty, 19th Dynasty & 20th Dynasty.
Elamite EmpireSouth West IranSusa2500
Ethiopian EmpireEthiopiaAddis Ababa837
Fatimid CaliphateEgyptMahdia, Cairo 262See also Islamic Empire.
First French EmpireFranceParis/10
Second French EmpireFranceParis18
French colonial empireFranceParisEither surviving until Present or ended in 1980 as of or 446 as of 1980Some consider the Empire ending with the end of French presence in Vanuatu France still maintains overseas possessions in the form of Overseas France.
Frankish EmpireWestern EuropeVarious, including Soissons, Paris, Reims, Orléans, Metz & Aachen700
FunanCambodiaVyadhapura500Succeeded by the Chenla.
Gallic EmpireRhineland-PalatinateColonia Agrippina14Broke off from the Roman Empire during the Crisis of the Third Century.
Gaza EmpireSouthern AfricaNot specified71
Georgian EmpireGeorgiaKutaisi, Tbilisi482Established in 1008 as an unified kingdom. Georgian kings took title "King of Kings" and ruled over large territory consisting of Georgian, Armenian and Muslim areas, as well as numerous client states. Officially dissolved at 1490.
German EmpireGermanyBerlin47See also German colonial empire.
Ghana EmpireMauritania, and Western MaliKoumbi Saleh940The empire became known in Europe and Arabia as the "Ghana Empire" by the title of its ruler. Also known as Wagadou.
Ghaznavid dynastyAfghanistanGhazni later Lahore224
Ghurid dynastyAfghanistanFiruzkuh67
GoguryeoKoreaJolbon, Gungnae City, Pyongyang705Predecessor of Balhae and Goryeo.
GoryeoKoreaGaegyeong, Ganghwa474Successor of Goguryeo. Unification of the Korean Peninsula. State maintained as an empire between 918 and 1274.
Gorkha EmpireGreater Nepal250Unification of Greater Nepal. State maintained as an empire between 1600 and 1840.
Göktürk KhaganateInner AsiaÖtüken195552–603 First empire, 603–658 Double empire, 658–681 Dark age, 681–747 Second empire.
Golden HordeCentral AsiaSarai Batu260Break-away state of the Mongol Empire.
Empire of Great FuloSenegalTekrur262
Great Moravian EmpireCentral EuropeMikulčice-Valy67The word "Moravia" did not refer only to present-day Moravia.
Great Seljuq EmpireAral Sea, Asia Minor, PersiaNishapur and later on Rey157Turkish empire, predecessor of the Sultanate of Rum.
Gurjara-Pratihara dynastyIndiaKannauj660Founded by great king of Gujjars.
Gupta EmpireIndiaPataliputra230Founded by Sri Gupta.
Han dynastyChinaChang'an, Luoyang, Xuchang426Founded by Liu Bang the High Ancestor.
Hanseatic LeagueNorth and Baltic SeaLübeck292Alliance of German and Baltic merchant city-states.
Empire of HarshaNorthern IndiaKannauj41Founded by Harshavardhana; collapsed after his death.
Hephthalite EmpireAfghanistanKabul147
Hittite EmpireAnatoliaHattusa280See also Syro-Hittite states.
Holy Roman EmpireCentral EuropeNot specified844Referred to simply as the Roman Empire before 1157, when it became the Holy Empire. The Holy Roman Empire is attested from 1254. Was officially known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, although this designation had fallen out of use again by the 18th century. See Holy Roman Empire § Name.
Hotak dynastyPersiaIsfahan29
Hoysala EmpireIndiaBelur, Halebidu317
Hunnic EmpireEurasiaNot specified99
Idrisid dynastyMoroccoFes186Founders of the first Moroccan state.
IlkhanatePersiaMaragheh, Tabriz, Soltaniyeh79Division of the Mongol Empire.
Kingdom of Israel IsraelJerusalem486Considers the Start of Saul's reign, through the dual kingdoms of the Kingdom of Israel and the Kingdom of Judah, until the Babylonian conquest of Judah.
Inca Empire Andes Cusco95The largest empire in pre-Columbian America.
Italian EmpireItalyRome58See also Italian imperialism under Fascism.
Empire of JapanJapanTokyo79Emperor's government took control of the country in 1868. Regional hegemony in East Asia ended in 1945. The new constitution of 1947 formally abolished the empire.
Jin dynasty ChinaLuoyang, Chang'an, Jiankang 155Subdivided into two dynasties. Western Jìn dynasty, Eastern Jìn dynasty.
Jin dynasty Northern China, ManchuriaHuining, Zhongdu, Kaifeng119Also known as the Jurchens, were the ancestors of the Manchus who established the Qing dynasty.
Jolof EmpireWest AfricaLinguère199Also known as the Wollof Empire. Succeeded by the Kingdom of Jolof.
Kaabu EmpireWest AfricaKansala330Also written Gabu, Ngabou, and N’Gabu'.
Kalmar UnionScandinaviaRoskilde then Copenhagen126Personal union of Denmark, Pomerania, Norway and Sweden.
Kanem EmpireChadNjimi687
Kanva dynastyIndiaPataliputra, Vidisha45Replaced the Shunga Empire.
Kara-Khanid KhanateTurkistanKashgar372First Turkic dynasty to embrace Islam.
Khazar KhaganatePontic steppe, North CaucasusBalanjar, later Atil300Founded by Western Turks, the members of the royal family embraced Judaism.
Khmer EmpireCambodiaHariharalaya, Angkor 629Succeeded from the kingdom of Chenla.
Khilji dynastyAfghanistanKabul, Delhi30
Khwarazmian dynastyPersiaUrgench144
Konbaung dynastyMyanmarMandalay133
Kong EmpireWest AfricaKong298Also known as the Wattara Empire or Ouattara Empire.
Korean EmpireKorean PeninsulaHanseong13Was the last ruling Korean dynasties.
Kushan EmpireAfghanistanVarious, including Mathura, Peshawar, Begram, Taxila315
Kushite EmpireEgypt, NubiaNot specified104
Lakota peopleGreat PlainsGreat winter campscirca 177Main Native power in North America until Black Hills annexation by United States.
Latin EmpireThrace, Asia MinorConstantinople57See also Latinokratia.
Later Lê dynastyVietnamĐông Kinh361
Liao dynastyChinaShangjing210
Lodi SultanateAfghanistanDelhi75
Macedonian EmpireMacedonian KingdomPella11Founded by Alexander the Great.
Madurai Nayak dynastySouth IndiaMadurai,
Tiruchirappalli		15291736207Branched out from the Vijayanagara Empire by Viswanatha Nayak.
Majapahit EmpireIndonesian ArchipelagoMajapahit, Wilwatikta234Founded by Raden Wijaya.
Mali EmpireWest AfricaNiani, later Ka-ba375A Mandinka empire founded by Sundiata Keita.
Mamluk SultanateEgypt, SyriaCairo267See also Islamic Empire.
ManchukuoManchuriaHsinkingCreated as a puppet state of the Japanese Empire, with Emperor Puyi installed as nominal regent and emperor.
Maratha EmpireIndiaRaigad, later Satara144Founded by Shivaji Maharaj, also known as the Maratha Confederacy.
Shatavahana DynastyIndia300Ruled by Semukha / Gouthamiputhra.
Marinid dynastyMoroccoFes221
Massina EmpireWest AfricaHamdullahi42
Mauryan EmpireAncient IndiaPataliputra136Founded by Chandragupta Maurya. The Mauryan Empire became the largest ever Indian empire under Ashoka.
Median EmpirePersiaEcbatana76First Iranian empire, Founded by Deioces.
First Mexican EmpireMexicoMexico City2Preceded the Second Mexican Empire which was short lived. See also Mexican Imperial Orders.
Second Mexican EmpireMexicoMexico City3Succeeded the First Mexican Empire which was short lived. See also Mexican Imperial Orders.
Ming dynastyChinaNanjing, Beijing 276Founded by Zhu Yuanzhang the Great Marshal.
Mitanni EmpireSyria, Iran, Iraq, TurkeyWashukanni200
Mongol EmpireMongoliaKarakorum162Split into four empires. Largest contiguous land empire.
Mughal EmpireIndiaAgra, Delhi232Founded by Babur. "Mughal" is a Persian word for the Mongols.
Nanda EmpireIndiaPataliputra100
Neo-Babylonian EmpireMesopotamiaBabylon87See also Babylonia.
Nguyễn dynastyVietnamPhú Xuân143Was the last ruling Vietnamese dynasty.
North Sea EmpireDenmarkRibe19As one historian put it: "When the 11th century began its fourth decade, Canute was, with the single exception of the Emperor, the most imposing ruler in Latin Christendom.... e was lord of four important realms and the overlord of other kingdoms. Though technically Canute was counted among the kings, his position among his fellow-monarchs was truly imperial. Apparently he held in his hands the destinies of two great regions: the British Isles and the Scandinavian peninsulas. His fleet all but controlled two important seas, the North and the Baltic. He had built an Empire."
Empire of NicaeaBithyniaNicaea57Successor state of the Byzantine Empire.
Northern Yuan dynastyMongolia, North ChinaShangdu, Yingchang, Karakorum267Created after the expulsion of the Yuan dynasty from China proper in 1368.
Omani EmpireOmanMuscat260See Oman.
Ottoman EmpireAnatoliaSöğüt, Bursa, Edirne, İstanbul623Predecessor of the Republic of Turkey.
Oyo EmpireSouthwestern NigeriaOyo-Ile505
Pagan EmpireMyanmarBagan448
Pahlavi dynastyPersiaTehranThe last Imperial dynasty of the Persian Empire.
Pala EmpireIndiaPataliputra424
Palmyrene EmpireSyriaPalmyra3Broke off from the Roman Empire during the Crisis of the Third Century.
Pandya dynastySouth IndiaMadurai, Korkai, Tenkasi, Tirunelveli2159A Tamil dynasty which includes Early Pandyas, First Empire, Second Empire and Later Pandyas of Tenkasi and Tirunelveli.
Parthian EmpirePersiaVarious, including Asaak, Hecatompylos, Ecbatana, Ctesiphon, Nisa471Third Iranian empire, Founded by Arsaces I.
Pontic EmpirePontusAmaseia, Sinope73Mithridates VI had the title: King of Kings.
Portuguese EmpirePortugalLisbon, Rio de Janeiro It was the first global empire and one of the longest lived of the colonial Western European empires. See also United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves.
Kingdom of PrussiaGermanyBerlin170Was a great power during the 18th century. Unificated Germany after the War of 1870 against France.
Ptolemaic EmpireEgyptAlexandria275See also Diadochi.
Qajar dynastyPersiaTehran131
Qin dynastyChinaXianyang15First dynasty of the imperial period.
Qing dynastyChinaShenyang, Beijing268Last dynasty of the imperial period.
Ramnad SethupathisIndiaRamanathapuram15901979389
Rashidun CaliphateSaudi ArabiaMedina, Kufa29Predecessor of the Umayyad Caliphate, See also Islamic Empire.
Rashtrakuta dynastyIndiaManyakheta229
Roman EmpireItalyRome, Constantinople1480Together with The Roman Kingdom, The Roman Republic and the Byzantine Empire, direct Roman states lasted from 753 BC until 1453 AD, 2206 years.
Rouran KhaganateInner ChinaNot specified225
Rozwi EmpireSouthern AfricaDanangombe206
Russian Empire RussiaSaint Petersburg196Successor state of the Tsardom of Russia.
Saadi dynastyMoroccoMarrakech105Destroyed the Songhai Empire.
Safavid dynastyPersiaTabriz, Qazvin, Esfahan235
Saffarid dynastyPersiaZaranj135
Sassanid dynastyPersiaCtesiphon427Fourth Iranian Empire.
Satavahana dynastyIndiaAmaravathi village, Guntur district Dharanikota450An Andhra dynasty which preceded the Vengi dynasty of Andhra.
Samanid EmpirePersiaBalkh, Bukhara180
Duchy of SavoySavoyChambéry then Turin297Theorically member state of Holy Roman Empire then vassal of France. Ruled a territory from Romandy to Nice.
Seleucid EmpirePersia, Mesopotamia, SyriaSeleucia, Antioch249See also Diadochi.
Serbian EmpireBalkans Skopje, Prizren25Founded by Stephen Uroš IV, fell into feudal disarray after his death.
Shu HanChinaChengdu42See also Three Kingdoms.
Siam EmpireThailandBangkok150
Sikh EmpirePunjab region, IndiaAmritsar116Preceded the British Empire in the Indian subcontinent.
Sokoto CaliphateWest AfricaSokoto,, Gudu, Birnin Konni 99
Song dynastyChinaBianjing, Lin'an 319Founded by Zhao Kuangyin.
Songhai EmpireWest AfricaGao251Former vassal of the Mali Empire which became one of the largest African empires in history.
Spanish EmpireIberian PeninsulaMadrid483Was founded with Columbus’s funding, by the Catholic monarchs of Castille and Aragon, to his first voyage.
Srivijaya EmpireIndonesian ArchipelagoPalembang, Mataram610It was a powerful ancient thalassocratic Malay empire based on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia, then based on Mataram under Sailendra's dynasty.
Sui dynastyChinaChang'an37
Wadiyar dynasty Mysuru, KarnatakaYaduraya Wodeyar700
Shunga EmpireIndiaPataliputra, Vidisa112Magadha dynasty that controlled North-central and Eastern India.
Swedish EmpireSwedenStockholm110See also Swedish overseas colonies.
Tahirid dynastyPersiaNishapur52
Tang dynastyChinaChang'an, Luoyang 289Founded By Li Yuan.
Thanjavur Nayak dynastySouth IndiaThanjavur15321673141Founded by Sevappa Nayak.
Tây Sơn dynastyVietnamPhú Xuân24
Empire of ThessalonicaEpirus, Kingdom of ThessalonicaThessaloniki42Evolved from the Despotate of Epirus.
Third ReichGermanyBerlin, Hamburg, Flensburg Nazi Germany signed a treaty with the Japanese and Italian Empire.
Tibetan EmpireTibetLhasa115
Tondo dynastyPhilippinesTondo687
Timurid EmpireUzbekistan, Persia and Central AsiaSamarkand, Herat156Persianized form of the Mongolian word kürügän, Turko-Mongol Empire.
TlemcenAlgeriaTlemcen321Zayyanid dynasty
Empire of TrebizondPontusTrebizond257Successor state of the Byzantine Empire and a client state of the Kingdom of Georgia.
Toltec EmpireMesoamericaTollan-Xicocotitlan626
Toungoo dynastyToungooMyanmar242
Toucouleur EmpireWest AfricaSégou45
Tu'i Tonga EmpireTonga, Pacific OceanMu'a915See History of Tonga.
Turgesh KhaganateTurkistanBalasagun67Founded as a successor of West Turkish empire.
Umayyad CaliphateSyriaDamascus, Córdoba 89Successor of the Rashidun Caliphate, See also Islamic Empire.
Uyunid EmirateArabianAl-Hasa, Qatif163The Uyunids were a Sunni Arab dynasty that ruled Bahrain for 163 years, from the 11th to the 13th centuries.
Uyghur KhaganateCentral AsiaOrdubaliq106742–848 Founded as a successor of Göktürk Khaganate, 848–1036 Gansu state, 856–1209 Turfan state.
Vijayanagara EmpireKarnataka, IndiaVijayanagara310A Kannada kingdown, where Gold use to be traded in streets, most richest kingdom in the world.
Republic of VeniceMediterranean SeaVenice1100Mediterranean great power during Middle Ages.
Wari EmpirePeru, BoliviaHuari/Tiwanaku600It is a matter of conflict as to whether it was a real organized state that could be called an empire. If so, it would be considered the first empire in the Americas.
Wassoulou EmpireWest AfricaBissandugu45Also known as the Mandinka Empire.
Western Chalukya EmpireSouth IndiaManyakheta, Basavakalyan216
Western Roman EmpireItalyMediolanum, Ravenna81The western half of the Roman Empire.
Eastern WuChinaWuchang, Jianye51See also Three Kingdoms.
Western Xia dynastyChinaXingqing189Also called the Tangut dynasty.
Xin dynastyChinaChang'an14The Xin dynasty had only one ruling emperor.
Yuan dynastyChina, MongoliaDadu97Division of the Mongol Empire. The Yuan emperors had nominal supremacy over western khanates.
Zand dynastyPersiaShiraz44
Zhou dynastyChinaFenghao, Wangcheng, Chengzhou794Zenith of bronze age in China.
Zulu EmpireSouth AfricaKwaBulawayo, Ulundi79

Possible and informal empires

These governments, confederations and other entities have sometimes been informally referred to as "empires". Some did not fit the modern definition of empire, some were self-proclaimed by their first and often last ruler, others were short-lived attempts to turn an existing government into an empire, and there are also instances of the word "empire" being used to refer to unofficial spheres of influence which do not consider themselves empires.
"Empire"OriginCapitalFromToDurationNote
American EmpireUnited StatesWashington, D.C.PresentThe concept of an American Empire was first popularized during the presidency of James K. Polk who led the United States into the Mexican–American War of 1846. In recent times the concept has been revived to refer to the sphere of influence of the United States by its critics.
Athenian Empire Ancient GreeceDelos island74Also known as the Delian League. It was an association of Greek city-states.
Second Athenian LeagueAncient GreeceAthens23Second Athenian League, headed by Athens primarily for self-defense against the growth of Sparta and the Persian Empire.
Central African EmpireCentral African RepublicBangui3President Jean-Bédel Bokassa declared himself Emperor Bokassa I in 1976. Along he proclaiming the empire as a constitutional monarchy. The Central African Empire was a hypothetical empire in Africa.
Empire of ChinaChinaBeijing1Was a short-lived attempt by Yuan Shikai to reinstate the Imperial Monarchy.
First Empire of HaitiHaitiPort-au-Prince2
First Haitian Empire, Jean-Jacques Dessalines declared himself Emperor Jacques I.
Second Empire of HaitiHaitiPort-au-Prince10
Second Haitian Empire, Faustin Soulouque is proclaimed Emperor Faustin I.
Grand Duchy of LithuaniaLithuaniaVilnius369It was the largest state in Europe in the 15th century.
Polish–Lithuanian CommonwealthPoland, LithuaniaKraków226It was formed by the Union of Lublin in 1569, between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. It was one of the largest and one of the most populous countries of 16th and 17th-century Europe, with some 390,000 square miles and a multi-ethnic population of 11 million at its peak in the early 17th century.
Roman RepublicItalyRome482Predecessor of the Roman Empire. Technically a Republic, had imperial holdings throughout its existence.
Kingdom of RomaniaRomaniaBucharest24Following the post–World War I treaties that ratified its borders, the newly-enlarged Romanian monarchy was rated by the Comintern as a multi-national imperial state that subjugated ethnic minorities. Indeed, according to the 1930 Romanian census, just over 28% of Romania's inhabitants were not ethnic Romanians. Non-Romanians formed the majority in 14 out of Romania's 71 counties. In 11 Romanian counties, Romanians formed less than 40% of the population: Caliacra, Cernăuți, Cetatea Albă, Ciuc, Durostor, Hotin, Ismail, Odorhei, Storojineț, Timiș-Torontal and Trei Scaune.
The issue of "Romanian imperialism" was further exacerbated by the 1941 creation of the Romanian Transnistria Governorate from parts of the Ukrainian SSR, under the rule of "Conducător" Ion Antonescu. These new borders lasted until 1944. According to the 1941 Romanian census, 21 out of the now 73 Romanian counties were inhabited by a non-Romanian ethnic majority, including all of the 13 Transnistrian counties. Two of the 21 counties did have Romanian plurality.
Soviet EmpireSoviet UnionMoscow69A political term for the sphere of influence of the Soviet Union used by its critics.