List of pharaohs
The title "Pharaoh" is used for those rulers of Ancient Egypt who ruled after the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt by Narmer during the Early Dynastic Period, approximately 3100 BC. However, the specific title "Pharaoh" was not used to address the kings of Egypt by their contemporaries until the rule of Merneptah in the 19th Dynasty, c. 1200 BC. Along with the title Pharaoh for later rulers, there was an Ancient Egyptian royal titulary used by Egyptian kings which remained relatively constant during the course of Ancient Egyptian history, initially featuring a Horus name, a Sedge and Bee name and a Two Ladies name, with the additional Golden Horus, nomen and prenomen titles being added successively during later dynasties.
Egypt was continually governed, at least in part, by native pharaohs for approximately 2500 years, until it was conquered by the Kingdom of Kush in the late 8th century BC, whose rulers adopted the traditional pharaonic titulature for themselves. Following the Kushite conquest, Egypt experienced another period of independent native rule before being conquered by the Achaemenid Empire, whose rulers also adopted the title of "Pharaoh". The last native pharaoh of Egypt was Nectanebo II, who was pharaoh before the Achaemenids conquered Egypt for a second time.
Achaemenid rule over Egypt came to an end through the conquests of Alexander the Great in 332 BC, after which it was ruled by the Hellenic Pharaohs of the Ptolemaic Dynasty. Their rule, and the independence of Egypt, came to an end when Egypt became a province of Rome in 30 BC. Augustus and subsequent Roman emperors were styled as Pharaoh when in Egypt until the reign of Maximinus Daia in 314 AD.
The dates given in this list of pharaohs are approximate. They are based primarily on the conventional chronology of Ancient Egypt, mostly based on the Digital Egypt for Universities database developed by the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, but alternative dates taken from other authorities may be indicated separately.
Ancient Egyptian king lists
Modern lists of pharaohs are based on historical records, including Ancient Egyptian king lists and later histories, such as Manetho's Aegyptiaca, as well as archaeological evidence. Concerning ancient sources, Egyptologists and historians alike call for caution in regard to the credibility, exactitude and completeness of these sources, many of which were written long after the reigns they report. An additional problem is that ancient king lists are often damaged, inconsistent with one another and/or selective.The following ancient king lists are known ):
- Den seal impressions ; found on a cylinder seal in Den's tomb. It lists all 1st Dynasty kings from Narmer to Den by their Horus names.
- Palermo stone ; carved on an olivine-basalt slab. Broken into pieces and thus today incomplete.
- Giza King List ; painted with red, green and black ink on gypsum and cedar wood. Very selective.
- South Saqqara Stone ; carved on a black basalt slab. Very selective.
- Karnak King List ; carved on limestone. Very selective.
- Abydos King List of Seti I ; carved on limestone. Very detailed, but omitting the First Intermediate Period.
- Abydos King List of Ramesses II ; carved on limestone. Very selective.
- Saqqara King List, carved on limestone. Very detailed, but omitting most kings of the 1st Dynasty for unknown reasons.
- Turin King List ; written with red and black ink on papyrus. Likely the most complete king-list in history, today damaged.
- Manetho's Aegyptiaca ; possibly written on papyrus. The original writings are lost today and many anecdotes assigned to certain kings seem fictitious.
Predynastic period
Lower Egypt
geographically consisted of the northern Nile and the Nile delta. The following list may be incomplete:| Name | Image | Comments | Reign |
| Hedju Hor | Only known from two clay jugs from Tura | ||
| Ny-Hor | Only known from clay and stone vessels found in tombs near Tarchan, Tura, Tarjan, and Nagada | ||
| Hsekiu / Seka | Only known from the Palermo stone | ||
| Khayu | Only known from the Palermo stone | ||
| Tiu / Teyew | Only known from the Palermo stone | ||
| Thesh / Tjesh | Only known from the Palermo stone | ||
| Neheb | Only known from the Palermo stone | ||
| Wazner | Only known from the Palermo stone | ||
| — | |||
| Mekh | Only known from the Palermo stone | ||
| Only known from the Palermo stone | |||
| Double Falcon | May also have ruled in Upper Egypt | ||
| Wash | Only known from the Narmer Palette Around 3150 BC |
Upper Egypt
Regrouped here are predynastic rulers of Upper Egypt belonging to the late Naqada III period, sometimes informally described as Dynasty 00.| Name | Image | Comments | Reign |
| Gazelle | In 3250 BC.; most likely never existed. | ||
| Finger Snail | The existence of this king is very doubtful. | ||
| Fish | Only known from artifacts that bare his mark, Around 3250–3220 BC. He most likely never existed. | ||
| Elephant | Around 3240–3220 BC. | ||
| Animal | most likely never existed. | ||
| Stork | most likely never existed. | ||
| Canide | most likely never existed. | ||
| Bull | most likely never existed. | ||
| Scorpion I | First ruler of Upper Egypt, Around 3250–3200 BC. |
Predynastic rulers: Dynasty 0
The following list of predynastic rulers may be incomplete. Since these kings precede the First Dynasty, they have been informally grouped as "Dynasty 0".| Name | Image | Comments | Dates |
| Iry-Hor | Correct chronological position unclear. | ||
| Crocodile | Potentially read Shendjw; identity and existence are disputed. | ||
| Ka | Maybe read Sekhen rather than Ka. Correct chronological position unclear. | ||
| Scorpion II | Potentially read Serqet; possibly the same person as Narmer. |
Early Dynastic Period
The Early Dynastic Period of Egypt stretches from around 3150 to 2686 BC.First Dynasty
The First Dynasty ruled from around 3150 to 2890 BC.| Name | Image | Comments | Dates |
| Narmer | Believed to be the same person as Menes and to have unified Upper and Lower Egypt. | ||
| Hor-Aha | Greek form: Athotís. | ||
| Djer | Greek form: Uenéphes ; His name and titulary appear on the Palermo Stone. His tomb was later thought to be the legendary tomb of Osiris. | ||
| Djet | Greek form: Usapháis. | ||
| Den | Greek form: Kénkenes. First pharaoh depicted wearing the double crown of Egypt, first pharaoh with a full niswt bity-name. | ||
| Anedjib | Greek form: Miebidós. Known for his ominous nebwy-title. | ||
| Semerkhet | Greek form: Semempsés. First Egyptian ruler with a fully developed Nebty name. His complete reign is preserved on the Cairo stone. | ||
| Qa'a | Greek form: Bienéches. Ruled very long, his tomb is the last one with subsidiary tombs. | ||
| Sneferka | Very short reign, correct chronological position unknown. | ||
| Horus Bird | Very short reign, correct chronological position unknown. |
Second Dynasty
The Second Dynasty ruled from 2890 to 2686 BC.| Name | Image | Comments | Dates |
| Hotepsekhemwy | Manetho names him Boëthos and claims that under this ruler an earthquake killed many people. | ||
| Nebra | Greek form: Kaíechós. First ruler who uses the sun-symbol in his royal name, could be identical to king Weneg. | ||
| Nynetjer | Greek form: Binóthris. May have divided Egypt between his successors, allegedly allowed women to rule like pharaohs. | ||
| Weneg-Nebty | Greek form: Ougotlas/Tlás. Could be an independent ruler or the same as Peribsen, Sekhemib-Perenmaat or Raneb. | ||
| Senedj | Greek form: Sethenes. Possibly the same person as Peribsen. This, however, is highly disputed. | ||
| Seth-Peribsen | Used a Seth-animal above his serekh rather than an Horus falcon. He promoted the sun-cult in Egypt and reduced the powers of officials, nomarchs and palatines. Some scholars believe that he ruled over a divided Egypt. | ||
| Sekhemib-Perenmaat | Could be the same person as Seth-Peribsen. | ||
| Neferkara I | Greek form: Néphercherés. Known only from Ramesside king lists, not archaeologically attested. | ||
| Neferkasokar | Greek form: Sesóchris. Known only from Ramesside king lists, not archaeologically attested. Old Kingdom legends claim that this ruler saved Egypt from a long lasting drought. | ||
| Hudjefa I | Known only from Ramesside king lists, his "name" is actually a paraphrase pointing out that the original name of the king was already lost in Ramesside times. | ||
| Khasekhem | Greek form: Chenerés. May have reunified Egypt after a period of trouble, his serekh name is unique for presenting both Horus and Set. |
Old Kingdom
The Old Kingdom of Egypt is the point of Egypt which succeeded the Early Dynastic Egypt and precedes the troubled First Intermediate Period. The kingdom ruled from 2686 to 2181 BC.Third Dynasty
The Third Dynasty ruled from 2686 to 2613 BC.| Name | Image | Comments | Dates |
| Djoser | Hellenized names Sesorthos and Tosórthros. Commissioned the first Pyramid in Egypt, created by chief architect and scribe Imhotep. | ||
| Sekhemkhet | Greek form: Tyréis. In the necropolis of his unfinished step pyramid, the remains of a 2-year old infant were found. | ||
| Sanakht | Likely to be identified with the throne name Nebka; Hellenized names Necherôchis and Necherôphes. May have reigned 6 years if identified with the penultimate king of the Dynasty on the Turin canon. | ||
| Khaba | Possibly built an unfinished step pyramid, could be identical with Huni. | ||
| Huni | Greek form: Áches. Could be the same as Qahedjet or Khaba. Possibly built an unfinished step pyramid and several cultic pyramids throughout Egypt. Huni was for a long time credited with the building of the pyramid of Meidum. This, however, is disproved by New Kingdom graffiti that praise king Snofru, not Huni. |
Fourth Dynasty
The Fourth Dynasty ruled from 2613 to 2498 BC.| Name | Image | Comments | Dates |
| Sneferu | Greek form: Sóris. Reigned 48 years, giving him enough time to build the Meidum Pyramid, the Bent Pyramid and the Red Pyramid. Some scholars believe that he was buried in the Red Pyramid. For a long time it was thought that the Meidum Pyramid was not Sneferu's work, but that of king Huni. Ancient Egyptian documents describe Sneferu as a pious, generous and even accostable ruler. | ||
| Khufu | Greek form: Cheops and Suphis. Built the Great pyramid of Giza. Khufu is depicted as a cruel tyrant by ancient Greek authors, Ancient Egyptian sources however describe him as a generous and pious ruler. He is the main protagonist of the famous Westcar Papyrus. The first imprinted papyri originate from Khufu's reign, which may have made ancient Greek authors believe that Khufu wrote books in attempt to praise the gods. | ||
| Djedefre | Greek form: Rátoises. Some scholars believe he created the Great Sphinx of Giza as a monument for his deceased father. He also created a pyramid at Abu Rawash. However, this pyramid is no longer extant; it is believed the Romans re-purposed the materials from which it was made. | ||
| Khafre | Greek form: Chéphren and Suphis II. His pyramid is the second largest in Giza. Some scholars prefer him as the creator of the Great Sphinx before Djedefra. Ancient Greek authors describe Khafra as likewise cruel as Khufu. | ||
| Baka/Bauefrê | Greek form: Bikheris. Could be the owner of the Unfinished Northern Pyramid of Zawyet el'Aryan. | ||
| Menkaure | Greek form: Menchéres. His pyramid is the third and smallest in Giza. A legend claims that his only daughter died due to an illness and Menkaura buried her in a golden coffin in shape of a cow. | ||
| Shepseskaf | Greek form: Seberchéres. Owner of the Mastabat el-Fara'un. | ||
| Thamphthis | According to Manetho the last king of the 4th dynasty. He is not archaeologically attested and thus possibly fictional. |
Fifth Dynasty
The Fifth Dynasty ruled from 2498 to 2345 BC.| Name | Image | Comments | Dates |
| Userkaf | Buried in a pyramid in Saqqara. Built the first solar temple at Abusir. | ||
| Sahure | Moved the royal necropolis to Abusir, where he built his pyramid. | ||
| Neferirkare Kakai | Son of Sahure, born with the name Ranefer | ||
| Neferefre | Son of Neferirkare | ||
| Shepseskare | Reigned most likely after Neferefre and for only a few months, possibly a son of Sahure. | ||
| Nyuserre Ini | Brother to Neferefre, built extensively in the Abusir necropolis. | ||
| Menkauhor Kaiu | Last pharaoh to build a sun temple | ||
| Djedkare Isesi | Effected comprehensive reforms of the Egyptian administration. Enjoyed the longest reign of his dynasty, with likely more than 35 years on the throne. | ||
| Unas | The Pyramid of Unas is inscribed with the earliest instance of the pyramid texts |
Sixth Dynasty
The Sixth Dynasty ruled from 2345 to 2181 BC.| Name | Image | Comments | Dates |
| Teti | According to Manetho, he was murdered. | ||
| Userkare | Reigned 1 to 5 years, may have usurped the throne at the expense of Teti | ||
| Meryre Pepi I | — | ||
| Merenre Nemtyemsaf I | — | ||
| Neferkare Pepi II | Possibly the longest reigning monarch of human history with 94 years on the throne. Alternatively, may have reigned "only" 64 years. | ||
| Neferka | Reigned during Pepi II; was possibly his son or co-ruler. | ||
| Merenre Nemtyemsaf II | Short lived pharaoh, possibly an aged son of Pepi II. | ||
| Neitiqerty Siptah | Identical with Netjerkare. This male king gave rise to the legendary queen Nitocris of Herodotus and Manetho. Sometimes classified as the first king of the combined 7th/8th Dynasties. | Short reign: c. 2184–2181 BC |
First Intermediate Period
The First Intermediate Period is a period of disarray and chaos between the end of the Old Kingdom and the advent of the Middle Kingdom.The Old Kingdom rapidly collapsed after the death of Pepi II. He had reigned for more than 64 and likely up to 94 years, longer than any monarch in history. The latter years of his reign were marked by inefficiency because of his advanced age. The union of the Two Kingdoms fell apart and regional leaders had to cope with the resulting famine.
The kings of the 7th and 8th Dynasties, who represented the successors of the 6th Dynasty, tried to hold onto some power in Memphis but owed much of it to powerful nomarchs. After 20 to 45 years, they were overthrown by a new line of pharaohs based in Herakleopolis Magna. Some time after these events, a rival line based at Thebes revolted against their nominal Northern overlords and united Upper Egypt. Around 2055 BC, Mentuhotep II, the son and successor of pharaoh Intef III defeated the Herakleopolitan pharaohs and reunited the Two Lands, thereby starting the Middle Kingdom.
Seventh and Eighth Dynasties (combined)
The Seventh and Eighth Dynasties ruled for approximately 20–45 years. They comprise numerous ephemeral kings reigning from Memphis over a possibly divided Egypt and, in any case, holding only limited power owing to the effectively feudal system into which the administration had evolved.The list below is based on the Abydos King List dating to the reign of Seti I and taken from Jürgen von Beckerath's Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen as well as from Kim Ryholt's latest reconstruction of the Turin canon, another king list dating to the Ramesside Era.
| Name | Image | Comments | Dates |
| Menkare | Likely attested by a relief fragment from the tomb of queen Neit. | ||
| Neferkare II | — | ||
| Neferkare Neby | Attested by inscriptions in the tomb of his mother Ankhesenpepi, started the construction of a pyramid in Saqqara. | ||
| Djedkare Shemai | — | ||
| Neferkare Khendu | — | ||
| Merenhor | — | ||
| Neferkamin | — | ||
| Nikare | Possibly attested by a cylinder-seal. | ||
| Neferkare Tereru | — | ||
| Neferkahor | Attested by a cylinder seal. | ||
| Neferkare Pepiseneb | — | ||
| Neferkamin Anu | — | ||
| Qakare Ibi | Built a pyramid at Saqqara inscribed with the last known instance of the Pyramid Texts | ||
| Neferkaure | Attested by one to three decrees from the temple of Min at Coptos. | ||
| Neferkauhor Khuwihapi | Attested by eight decrees from the temple of Min and an inscription in the tomb of Shemay. | ||
| Neferirkare | Possibly to be identified with horus Demedjibtawy, in which case he is attested by a decree from the temple of Min. |
Ninth Dynasty
The Ninth Dynasty ruled from 2160 to 2130 BC. The Turin King List has 18 kings reigning in the Ninth and Tenth Dynasties. Of these, twelve names are missing and four are partial.| Name | Image | Comments | Dates |
| Meryibre Khety I | Manetho states that Achthoes founded this dynasty. | ||
| — | — | ||
| Neferkare VII | — | ||
| Nebkaure Khety II | — | ||
| Senenh— or Setut | — | ||
| — | — | ||
| Mery— | — | ||
| Shed— | — | ||
| H— | — |
Tenth Dynasty
The Tenth Dynasty was a local group that held sway over Lower Egypt that ruled from 2130 to 2040 BC.| Name | Image | Comments | Dates |
| Meryhathor | — | ||
| Neferkare VIII | — | ||
| Wahkare Khety | — | ||
| Merykare | — |
Eleventh Dynasty
The Eleventh Dynasty was a local group with roots in Upper Egypt that ruled from 2134 to 1991 BC. The 11th dynasty originated from a dynasty of Theban nomarchs serving kings of the 8th, 9th or 10th dynasty.| Name | Image | Comments | Dates |
| Intef the Elder Iry-pat | Theban nomarch serving an unnamed king, later considered a founding figure of the 11th Dynasty. |
The successors of Intef the Elder, starting with Mentuhotep I, became independent from their northern overlords and eventually conquered Egypt under Mentuhotep II.
| Name | Image | Comments | Dates |
| Mentuhotep I Tepy-a | Nominally a Theban nomarch but may have ruled independently. | ||
| Sehertawy Intef I | First member of the dynasty to claim a Horus name. | ||
| Wahankh Intef II | Conquered Abydos and its nome. | ||
| Nakhtnebtepnefer Intef III | Conquered Asyut and possibly moved further North up to the 17th nome. |
Middle Kingdom
The Middle Kingdom is the period from the end of the First Intermediate Period to the beginning of the Second Intermediate Period. In addition to the Twelfth Dynasty, some scholars include the Eleventh, Thirteenth and Fourteenth Dynasties in the Middle Kingdom. The Middle Kingdom can be noted for the expansion of trade outside of the kingdom that occurred during this time.Eleventh Dynasty continued
The second part of the Eleventh Dynasty is considered to be part of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt.| Name | Image | Comments | Dates |
| Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II | Gained all Egypt c. 2015 BC, Middle Kingdom begins, becomes first pharaoh of Middle Kingdom. | ||
| Sankhkare Mentuhotep III | Commanded the first expedition to Punt of the Middle Kingdom | ||
| Nebtawyre Mentuhotep IV | Obscure pharaoh absent from later king lists; tomb unknown. May have been overthrown by his vizier and successor Amenemhat I. |
Enigmatic kings, only attested in [Lower Nubia]
| Name | Image | Comments | Dates |
| Segerseni | Obscure pharaoh absent from later king lists; tomb unknown. Only attested in Lower Nubia, most likely an usurper at the end of the Eleventh Dynasty or early Twelfth Dynasty. | ||
| Qakare Ini | Obscure pharaoh absent from later king lists; tomb unknown. Only attested in Lower Nubia, most likely an usurper at the end of the Eleventh Dynasty or early Twelfth Dynasty. | ||
| Iyibkhentre | Obscure pharaoh absent from later king lists; tomb unknown. Only attested in Lower Nubia, most likely an usurper at the end of the Eleventh Dynasty or early Twelfth Dynasty. |
Twelfth Dynasty
The Twelfth Dynasty ruled from 1991 to 1802 BC.| Name | Image | Comments | Dates |
| Sehetepibre Amenemhat I | Possibly overthrew Mentuhotep IV. Assassinated by his own guards. | ||
| Kheperkare Senusret I | Built the White Chapel | ||
| Nubkaure Amenemhat II | Ruled for at least 35 years. | ||
| Khakheperre Senusret II | — | ||
| Khakaure Senusret III | Most powerful of the Middle Kingdom pharaohs. | ||
| Nimaatre Amenemhat III | — | ||
| Maakherure Amenemhat IV | Had a co-regency lasting at least 1 year based on an inscription at Knossos. | ||
| Sobekkare Sobekneferu | The first known archeologically attested female Pharaoh. |
The position of a possible additional ruler, Seankhibtawy Seankhibra, is uncertain. He may be an ephemeral king, or a name variant of a king of the 12th or [|13th Dynasty].
Second Intermediate Period
The Second Intermediate Period is a period of disarray between the end of the Middle Kingdom, and the start of the New Kingdom. It is best known as when the Hyksos, whose reign comprised the Fifteenth Dynasty, made their appearance in Egypt.The Thirteenth Dynasty was much weaker than the Twelfth Dynasty, and was unable to hold onto the two lands of Egypt. Either at the start of the dynasty, c. 1805 BC or toward the middle of it in c. 1710 BC, the provincial ruling family in Xois, located in the marshes of the eastern Delta, broke away from the central authority to form the Canaanite Fourteenth Dynasty.
The Hyksos made their first appearance during the reign of Sobekhotep IV, and around 1720 BC took control of the town of Avaris, conquering the kingdom of the 14th dynasty. Sometime around 1650 BC the Hyksos, perhaps led by Salitis the founder of the Fifteenth Dynasty, conquered Memphis, thereby terminating the 13th dynasty. The power vacuum in Upper Egypt resulting from the collapse of the 13th dynasty allowed the 16th dynasty to declare its independence in Thebes, only to be overrun by the Hyksos kings shortly thereafter.
Subsequently, as the Hyksos withdrew from Upper Egypt, the native Egyptian ruling house in Thebes set itself up as the Seventeenth Dynasty. This dynasty eventually drove the Hyksos back into Asia under Seqenenre Tao, Kamose and finally Ahmose, first pharaoh of the New Kingdom.
Thirteenth Dynasty
The Thirteenth Dynasty ruled from 1802 to around 1649 BC and lasted 153 or 154 years according to Manetho. This table should be contrasted with Known kings of the 13th Dynasty.| Name | Image | Comments | Dates |
| Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep I | Founded the 13th Dynasty. His reign is well attested. Referred to as Sobekhotep I in dominant hypothesis, known as Sobekhotep II in older studies | ||
| Sonbef | Perhaps a brother of Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep and son of Amenemhat IV | ||
| Nerikare | Attested on a Nile record from Semna. | ||
| Sekhemkare Amenemhat V | Ruled for 3 to 4 years | ||
| Ameny Qemau | Buried in his pyramid in south Dashur | ||
| Hotepibre Qemau Siharnedjheritef | Also called Sehotepibre | ||
| Iufni | Only attested on the Turin canon | ||
| Seankhibre Amenemhet VI | Attested on the Turin Canon. | ||
| Semenkare Nebnuni | Attested on the Turin Canon | ||
| Sehetepibre Sewesekhtawy | Attested on the Turin Canon | ||
| Sewadjkare | Known only from the Turin canon | 1781 BCE | |
| Nedjemibre | Known only from the Turin canon | ||
| Khaankhre Sobekhotep | Referred to as Sobekhotep II in dominant hypothesis, known as Sobekhotep I in older studies | ||
| Renseneb | 4 months | ||
| Awybre Hor I | Famous for his intact tomb treasure and :File:Ka Statue of horawibra.jpg|Ka statue | ||
| Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw | Possibly a son of Hor Awibre | ||
| Djedkheperew | Possibly a son of Hor Awibre and brother of Khabaw, previously identified with Khendjer | ||
| Sebkay | Possibly two kings, Seb and his son Kay. | ||
| Sedjefakare | A well known king attested on numerous stelas and other documents. | ||
| Khutawyre Wegaf | Founder of the dynasty in old studies | ||
| Khendjer | Possibly the first semitic pharaoh, built a pyramid at Saqqara | ||
| Imyremeshaw | Attested by two colossal statues | ||
| Sehetepkare Intef IV | — | ||
| Seth Meribre | — | ||
| Sekhemresewadjtawy Sobekhotep III | 4 years and 2 months | ||
| Khasekhemre Neferhotep I | 11 years | ||
| Menwadjre Sihathor | Ephemeral coregent with his brother Neferhotep I, may not have reigned independently. | ||
| Khaneferre Sobekhotep IV | 10 or 11 years | ||
| Merhotepre Sobekhotep V | — | ||
| Khahotepre Sobekhotep VI | 4 years 8 months and 29 days | ||
| Wahibre Ibiau | 10 years and 8 months | ||
| Merneferre Ay I | Longest reigning king of the dynasty | ||
| Merhotepre Ini | Possibly a son of his predecessor | ||
| Sankhenre Sewadjtu | Attested only on the Turin canon | ||
| Mersekhemre Ined | May be the same person as Neferhotep II | ||
| Sewadjkare Hori | 5 years | ||
| Merkawre Sobekhotep VII | 2 years and 6 months | ||
| Seven kings | Names lost in a lacuna of the Turin canon | ||
| Merre | — | ||
| Merkheperre | |||
| Merkare | Attested only on the Turin canon | ||
| Name lost | — | ||
| Sewadjare Mentuhotep V | — | ||
| mosre | — | ||
| Ibi maatre | — | ||
| Hor webenre | — | ||
| Se...kare | Unknown | ||
| Seheqenre Sankhptahi | May be the son of his predecessor | ||
| ...re | Unknown | ||
| Se...enre | Unknown |
The position of the following kings is uncertain:
| Name | Image | Comments | Dates |
| Dedumose I | Possibly a king of the 16th dynasty | ||
| Dedumose II | Possibly a king of the 16th dynasty | ||
| Sewahenre Senebmiu | Late 13th dynasty. | ||
| Snaaib | Possibly a king of the Abydos Dynasty | ||
| Mershepsesre Ini II | Late 13th dynasty. |
Fourteenth Dynasty
The Fourteenth Dynasty was a local group from the eastern Delta, based at Avaris, that ruled from either from 1805 BC or c. 1710 BC until around 1650 BC. The dynasty comprised many rulers with West Semitic names and is thus believed to have been Canaanite in origin. It is here given as per Ryholt, however this reconstruction of the dynasty is heavily debated with the position of the five kings preceding Nehesy highly disputed.| Name | Image | Comments | Dates |
| Yakbim Sekhaenre | Chronological position uncertain, here given as per Ryholt | ||
| Ya'ammu Nubwoserre | Chronological position uncertain, here given as per Ryholt | ||
| Qareh Khawoserre | Chronological position uncertain, here given as per Ryholt | ||
| 'Ammu Ahotepre | Chronological position uncertain, here given as per Ryholt | ||
| Sheshi | Chronological position, duration of reign and extend of rule uncertain, here given as per Ryholt. Alternatively, he could be an early Hyksos king, a Hyksos ruler of the second part of the 15th Dynasty or a vassal of the Hyksos. | ||
| Nehesy | Short reign, perhaps a son of Sheshi | ||
| Khakherewre | — | ||
| Nebefawre | — | ||
| Sehebre | Possibly identifiable with Wazad or Sheneh | ||
| Merdjefare | Possibly identifiable with Wazad or Sheneh | ||
| Sewadjkare III | — | ||
| Nebdjefare | — | ||
| Webenre | — | ||
| — | — | ||
| Djefare? | — | ||
| Webenre | — | ||
| Nebsenre | Attested by a jar bearing his prenomen | ||
| Sekheperenre | Attested by a single scarab seal | ||
| Anati Djedkare | Only known from the Turin canon | ||
| Bebnum | Only known from the Turin canon | ||
| 'Apepi | Possibly attested as a king's son by 5 scarabs-seals |
The position and identity of the following pharaohs is uncertain:
| Name | Image | Comments | Dates |
| Nuya | Attested by a scarab-seal | ||
| Wazad | May be identifiable with Sehebre or Merdjefare | ||
| Sheneh | May be identifiable with Sehebre or Merdjefare | ||
| Shenshek | Attested by a scarab-seal | ||
| Khamure | — | ||
| Yakareb | — | ||
| Yaqub-Har | May belong to the 14th dynasty, the 15th dynasty or be a vassal of the Hyksos. Possibly the Pharaoh that was mentioned in Genesis 41. |
The Turin King List provides additional names, none of which are attested beyond the list.
Fifteenth Dynasty
The Fifteenth Dynasty arose from among the Hyksos people who emerged from the Fertile Crescent to establish a short-lived governance over much of the Nile region, and ruled from 1674 to 1535 BC.| Name | Image | Comments | Dates |
| Semqen | Chronological position uncertain. | ||
| 'Aper-'Anat | Chronological position uncertain. | ||
| Sakir-Har | — | ||
| Khyan | Apex of the Hyksos' power, conquered Thebes toward the end of his reign | ||
| Apepi | — | ||
| Khamudi | — |
Abydos Dynasty
The Second Intermediate Period may include an independent dynasty reigning over Abydos from c. 1650 BC until 1600 BC. Four attested kings may be tentatively attributed to the Abydos Dynasty, and they are given here without regard for their chronological order:| Name | Image | Comments | Dates |
| Sekhemraneferkhau Wepwawetemsaf | May belong to the late 16th Dynasty | ||
| Sekhemrekhutawy Pantjeny | May belong to the late 16th Dynasty | ||
| Menkhaure Snaaib | May belong to the late 13th Dynasty. | ||
| Woseribre Senebkay | Tomb discovered in 2014. Perhaps identifiable with a Woserre of the Turin canon. |
Sixteenth Dynasty
The Sixteenth Dynasty was a native Theban dynasty emerging from the collapse of the Memphis-based 13th dynasty c. 1650 BC and finally conquered by the Hyksos 15th dynasty c. 1580 BC. The 16th dynasty held sway over Upper Egypt only.| Name | Image | Comments | Dates |
| — | Name of the first king is lost here in the Turin King List and cannot be recovered | ||
| Sekhemresementawy Djehuti | - | ||
| Sekhemreseusertawy Sobekhotep VIII | - | ||
| Sekhemresankhtawy Neferhotep III | - | ||
| Seankhenre Mentuhotepi | May be a king of the [|17th Dynasty] | ||
| Sewadjenre Nebiryraw I | - | ||
| Neferkare Nebiryraw II | - | ||
| Semenre | - | ||
| Seuserenre Bebiankh | - | ||
| Djedhotepre Dedumose I | May be a king of the 13th Dynasty | ||
| Djedneferre Dedumose II | - | ||
| Djedankhre Montemsaf | - | ||
| Merankhre Mentuhotep VI | - | ||
| Seneferibre Senusret IV | - | ||
| Sekhemre Shedwast | May be the same as Sekhemre Shedtawy Sobekemsaf II |
The 16th Dynasty may also have comprised the reigns of pharaohs Sneferankhre Pepi III and Nebmaatre. Their chronological position is uncertain.
Seventeenth Dynasty
The Seventeenth Dynasty was based in Upper Egypt and ruled from 1650 to 1550 BC:| Name | Image | Comments | Dates |
| Sekhemrewahkhaw Rahotep | — | ||
| Sekhemre Wadjkhaw Sobekemsaf I | — | ||
| Sekhemre Shedtawy Sobekemsaf II | His tomb was robbed and burned during the reign of Ramesses IX. | ||
| Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef V | — | ||
| Nubkheperre Intef VI | Reigned more than 3 years | ||
| Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef VII | — | ||
| Senakhtenre Ahmose | — | ||
| Seqenenre Tao | Died in battle against the Hyksos. | ||
| Wadjkheperre Kamose | — |
The early 17th Dynasty may also have included the reign of a pharaoh Nebmaatre, whose chronological position is uncertain.
New Kingdom
The New Kingdom is the period covering the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth dynasty of Egypt, from the 16th to the 11th century BC, between the Second Intermediate Period, and the Third Intermediate Period.Through military dominance abroad, the New Kingdom saw Egypt's greatest territorial extent. It expanded far into Nubia in the south, and held wide territories in the Near East. Egyptian armies fought with Hittite armies for control of modern-day Syria.
Three of the best known pharaohs of the New Kingdom are Akhenaten, also known as Amenhotep IV, whose exclusive worship of the Aten is often interpreted as the first instance of monotheism, Tutankhamun known for the discovery of his nearly intact tomb, and Ramesses II who attempted to recover the territories in modern Israel/Palestine, Lebanon and Syria that had been held in the Eighteenth Dynasty. His reconquest led to the Battle of Qadesh, where he led the Egyptian armies against the army of the Hittite king Muwatalli II.
Eighteenth Dynasty
The Eighteenth Dynasty ruled from c. 1550 to 1292 BC:| Name | Image | Comments | Dates |
| Nebpehtire Ahmose I, Ahmosis I | Brother and successor to Kamose, conquered north of Egypt from the Hyksos. | ||
| Djeserkare Amenhotep I | Son of Ahmose I. | ||
| Aakheperkare Thutmose I | Father unknown, though possibly Amenhotep I. His mother is known to be Senseneb. Expanded Egypt's territorial extent during his reign. | ||
| Aakheperenre Thutmose II | Son of Thutmose I. Grandson of Amenhotep I through his mother, Mutnofret. | ||
| Maatkare Hatshepsut | The second known female ruler of Egypt. May have ruled jointly with her nephew Thutmose III during the early part of her reign. Famous for her expedition to Punt documented on her famous Mortuary Temple at Deir el-Bahari. Built many temples and monuments. Ruled during the height of Egypt's power. Was the daughter of Thutmose I and the Great Wife of her brother Thutmose II. | ||
| Menkheperre Thutmose III | Son of Thutmose II. May have ruled jointly with Hatshepsut, his aunt and step-mother, during the early part of her reign. Famous for his territorial expansion into the Levant and Nubia. Under his reign, the Ancient Egyptian Empire was at its greatest extent. Ruled during the height of Egypt's Power. Before the end of his reign, he obliterated Hatshepsut's name and image from temples and monuments. | ||
| Aakheperrure Amenhotep II | Son of Thutmose III. Ruled during the height of Egypt's Power. | ||
| Menkheperure Thutmose IV | Famous for his Dream Stele. Son of Amenhotep II. Ruled during the height of Egypt's Power. | ||
| Nebmaatre Amenhotep III The Magnificent King | Father of Akhenaten and grandfather of Tutankhamun. Ruled Egypt at the height of its power. Built many temples and monuments, including his enormous Mortuary Temple. Was the son of Thutmose IV. | ||
| Neferkheperure-waenre Amenhotep IV/Akhenaten | Founder of the Amarna Period in which he changed the state religion from the polytheistic Ancient Egyptian religion to the Monotheistic Atenism, centered around the worship of the Aten, an image of the sun disc. He moved the capital to Akhetaten. Was the second son of Amenhotep III. He changed his name from Amenhotep to Akhenaten to reflect his religion change. | ||
| Ankhkheperure Smenkhkare | Ruled jointly with Akhenaten during the later years of his reign. Unknown if Smenkhare ever ruled in his own right. Identity and even the gender of Smenkhare is uncertain. Some suggest he may have been the son of Akhenaten, possibly the same person as Tutankhamun; others speculate Smenkhare may have been Nefertiti or Meritaten. May have been succeeded by or identical with a female Pharaoh named Neferneferuaten. | ||
| Ankhkheperure-mery-Neferkheperure/Neferneferuaten | A female Pharaoh, possibly the same ruler as Smenkhkare. Archaeological evidence relates to a woman who reigned as pharaoh toward the end of the Amarna Period. It is likely she was Nefertiti. | ||
| Nebkheperure Tutankhaten/Tutankhamun | Commonly believed to be the son of Akhenaten, most likely reinstated the polytheistic Ancient Egyptian religion. His name change from Tutankhaten to Tutankhamun reflects the change in religion from the monolatristic Atenism to the classic religion, of which Amun is a major deity. He is thought to have taken the throne at around age eight or nine and to have died around age eighteen or nineteen, giving him the nickname "The Boy King." Tutankhamun was a weak ruler suffering from multiple health issues. However, he became famous for being buried in a decorative tomb intended for someone else called KV62. | ||
| Kheperkheperure Ay | Was Grand Vizier to Tutankhamun and an important official during the reigns of Akhenaten and Smenkhkare. Possibly the brother of Tiye, Great Wife of Amenhotep III, and also possibly father of Nefertiti, Great Wife of Akhenaten. Believed to have been born into nobility, but not royalty. Succeeded Tutankhamun due to his lack of an heir. | ||
| Djeserkheperure-setpenre Horemheb | Born a Commoner. Was a General during the Amarna Period. Obliterated Images of the Amarna Pharaohs and destroyed and vandalized buildings and monuments associated with them. Succeeded Ay despite Nakhtmin being the intended heir. |
Nineteenth Dynasty
The Nineteenth Dynasty ruled from 1292 to 1186 BC and includes one of the greatest pharaohs: Rameses II the Great.| Name | Image | Comments | Dates |
| Menpehtire Ramesses I | Of non-royal birth. Succeeded Horemheb due to his lack of an heir. | ||
| Menmaatre Seti I | Regained much of the territory that was lost under the reign of Akhenaten. | ||
| Usermaatre-setpenre Ramesses II the Great | Continued expanding Egypt's territory until he reached a stalemate with the Hittite Empire at the Battle of Kadesh in 1275 BC, after which the famous Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty was signed in 1258 BC. Had one of the longest Egyptian reigns. | ||
| Banenre Merenptah | Thirteenth son of Ramesses II. | ||
| Menmire-setpenre Amenmesse | Most likely an usurper to the throne. Possibly ruled in opposition to Seti II. Suggested son of Merneptah. | ||
| Userkheperure Seti II | Son of Merneptah. May have had to overcome a contest by Amenmesse before he could solidify his claim to the throne. | ||
| Sekhaenre/Akhenre Merenptah Siptah | Possibly son of Seti II or Amenmesse, ascended to throne at a young age. | ||
| Satre-merenamun Tausret | Probably the wife of Seti II. Also known as Twosret or Tawosret. |
Twentieth Dynasty
The Twentieth Dynasty ruled from 1190 to 1077 BC:| Name | Image | Comments | Dates |
| Userkhaure Setnakhte | Not related to Seti II, Siptah, or Tausret. May have usurped the throne from Tausret. Did not recognize Siptah or Tausret as legitimate rulers. Possibly a member of a minor line of the Ramesside royal family. Also called Setnakt. | ||
| Usermaatre-meryamun Ramesses III | Son of Setnakhte. Fought the Sea Peoples in 1175 BC. Possibly assassinated. | ||
| Usermaatre/Heqamaatre-setpenamun Ramesses IV | Son of Ramesses III. During his reign, Egyptian power started to decline. | ||
| Usermaatre-sekheperenre Ramesses V | Son of Ramesses IV | ||
| Nebmaatre-meryamun Ramesses VI | Son of Ramesses III. Brother of Ramesses IV. Uncle of Ramesses V. | ||
| Usermaatre-setpenre-meryamun Ramesses VII | Son of Ramesses VI. | ||
| Usermaatre-akhenamun Ramesses VIII | An obscure Pharaoh, who reigned only around a year. Identifiable with Prince Sethiherkhepeshef II. Son of Ramesses III. Brother of Ramesses IV and Ramesses VI. Uncle of Ramesses V and Ramesses VII. He is the sole Pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty whose tomb has not been found. | ||
| Neferkare-setpenre Ramesses IX | Probably grandson of Ramesses III through his father, Montuherkhopshef. First cousin of Ramesses V and Ramesses VII. | ||
| Khepermaatre-setpenptah Ramesses X | A poorly documented Pharaoh, his reign was between 3 and 10 years long. His origins are completely uncertain. | ||
| Menmaatre-setpenptah Ramesses XI | Possibly the son of Ramesses X. During the second half of his reign, High Priest of Amun Herihor ruled over the south from Thebes, limiting his power to Lower Egypt. He was succeeded in the north by Smendes. |
Third Intermediate Period
The Third Intermediate Period marked the end of the New Kingdom after the collapse of the Egyptian empire. A number of dynasties of Libyan origin ruled, giving this period its alternative name of the Libyan Period.Twenty-First Dynasty
The Twenty-First Dynasty was based at Tanis and was a relatively weak group. Theoretically, they were rulers of all Egypt, but in practice their influence was limited to Lower Egypt. They ruled from 1069 to 943 BC.| Name | Image | Comments | Dates |
| Hedjkheperre-setpenre Nesbanebdjed I | Married to Tentamun, probable daughter of Ramesses XI. | ||
| Neferkare Heqawaset Amenemnisu | Obscure four-year reign. | ||
| Aakheperre Pasebakhenniut I | Son of Pinedjem I, a High Priest of Amun. Ruled for 40 to 51 years. Famous for his intact tomb at Tanis. Known as "The Silver Pharaoh" due to the magnificent silver coffin he was buried in. One of the most powerful rulers of the Dynasty. | ||
| Usermaatre Amenemope | Son of Psusennes I. | ||
| Aakheperre Setepenre Osorkon | Son of Shoshenq A, Great Chief of the Meshwesh. Also known as Osochor. | ||
| Netjerikheperre-setpenamun Siamun-meryamun | Unknown Origins. Built extensively for a third intermediate period Pharaoh. One of the most powerful rulers of the dynasty. | ||
| Titkheperure Pasebakhenniut II | Son of Pinedjem II, a High Priest of Amun. |
Theban High Priests of Amun
Though not officially pharaohs, the High Priests of Amun at Thebes were the de facto rulers of Upper Egypt during the Twenty-first dynasty, writing their names in cartouches and being buried in royal tombs.| Name | Image | Comments | Dates |
| Herihor | First High Priest of Amun to claim to be pharaoh. He ruled in the south in Thebes, while Ramesses XI ruled from the north in Pi-Ramesses. Some sources suggest he may have reigned after Piankh. | ||
| Piankh | Some sources suggest he may have reigned before Herihor. | ||
| Pinedjem I | Son of Piankh. Father of Psusennes I. | ||
| Masaharta | Son of Pinedjem I. | ||
| Djedkhonsuefankh | Son of Pinedjem I. | ||
| Menkheperre | Son of Pinedjem I. | ||
| Nesbanebdjed II | Son of Menkheperre. | ||
| Pinedjem II | Son of Menkheperre, Father of Psusennes II. | ||
| Pasebakhaennuit III | Possibly the same person as Psusennes II. Either he or Pinedjem II is generally considered to be the last High Priest of Amun to consider himself as a pharaoh-like figure. |
Twenty-Second Dynasty
The pharaohs of the Twenty-Second Dynasty were Libyans, ruling from around 943 to 728 BC:| Name | Image | Comments | Dates |
| Hedjkheperre-setepenre Shoshenq I | Son of Nimlot A, a brother of Osorkon the Elder and a Great Chief of the Meshwesh. Possibly the biblical Shishaq. | ||
| Sekhemkheperre Osorkon I | Son of Shoshenq I. | ||
| Heqakheperre Shoshenq II | Obscure pharaoh, possibly a usurper. | ||
| Tutkheperre Shoshenq IIb | Obscure pharaoh, placement uncertain. | ||
| Hedjkheperre Harsiese | An obscure rebel, at Thebes. | ||
| Takelot I | Son of Osorkon I. | ||
| Usermaatre-setepenamun Osorkon II | Son of Takelot I. | ||
| Usermaatre-setepenre Shoshenq III | — | ||
| Shoshenq IV | — | ||
| Usermaatre-setepenre Pami | — | ||
| Aakheperre Shoshenq V | — | ||
| Usermaatre Osorkon IV | — |
Twenty-Third Dynasty
The Twenty-Third Dynasty was a local group, again of Libyan origin, based at Herakleopolis and Thebes that ruled from 837 to c. 735 BC:| Name | Image | Comments | Dates |
| Hedjkheperre-setpenre Takelot II | Previously thought to be a 22nd Dynasty pharaoh, he is now known to be the founder of the 23rd. | ||
| Usermaatre-setepenamun Pedubast | A rebel—seized Thebes from Takelot II. | ||
| Usermaatre-setepenamun Iuput I | Co-regent with Pedubast. | ||
| Usermaatre Shoshenq VI | Successor to Pedubast. | ||
| Usermaatre-setepenamun Osorkon III | Son of Takelot II; recovered Thebes, then proclaimed himself king. | ||
| Usermaatre-setpenamun Takelot III | Co-reign with his father Osorkon III for the first five years of his reign. | ||
| Usermaatre-setpenamun Rudamun | Younger son of Osorkon III and brother of Takelot III. |
Rudamun was succeeded in Thebes by a local ruler:
| Name | Image | Comments | Dates |
| Menkheperre Ini | Reigned at Thebes only. |
Twenty-Fourth Dynasty
The Twenty-fourth Dynasty was a short-lived rival dynasty located in the western Delta, with only two pharaohs ruling from 732 to 720 BC.| Name | Image | Comments | Dates |
| Shepsesre Tefnakhte | — | ||
| Wahkare Bakenrenef | — |
Twenty-Fifth Dynasty (Nubian/Kushite Period)
ns invaded Lower Egypt and took the throne of Egypt under Piye although they already controlled Thebes and Upper Egypt in the early years of Piye's reign. Piye's conquest of Lower Egypt established the Twenty-fifth Dynasty which ruled until 656 BC.| Name | Image | Comments | Dates |
| Usermaatre Piye | King of Nubia; conquered Egypt in his 20th year; full reign at least 24 years, possibly 30+ years | ||
| Djedkaure Shebitku | Believed to be Shabaka's successor until the 2010s | ||
| Neferkare Shabaka | Believed to be Shebitku's predecessor until the 2010s | ||
| Khuinefertemre Taharqa | Died in 664 BC | ||
| Bakare Tantamani | Lost control of Upper Egypt in 656 BC when Psamtik I extended his authority into Thebes in that year. |
They were ultimately driven back into Nubia, where they established a kingdom at Napata, and, later, at Meroë.
Late Period
The Late Period runs from around 664 to 332 BC, and includes periods of rule by native Egyptians and Persians.Twenty-Sixth Dynasty
The Twenty-sixth Dynasty ruled from around 664 to 525 BC.| Name | Image | Comments | Dates |
| Tefnakht II | Manetho's Stephinates. May have been a descendant of the Twenty-fourth Dynasty. The father of Necho I. | ||
| Nekauba | Manetho's Nechepsos. His existence has been questioned. | ||
| Menkheperre Nekau I | Was killed by an invading Kushite force in 664 BC under Tantamani. Father of Psamtik I. |
The son and successor of Necho I, Psamtik I, managed to reunify Egypt and is generally regarded as the founder of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty.
| Name | Image | Comments | Dates |
| Wahibre Psamtik I | Reunified Egypt. Son of Necho I and father of Necho II. | ||
| Wehemibre Necho II | Most likely the pharaoh mentioned in several books of the Bible and the death of Josiah. Son of Psamtik I and father of Psamtik II. | ||
| Neferibre Psamtik II | Son of Necho II and father of Apries. | ||
| Haaibre Wahibre | Fled Egypt after Amasis II declared himself pharaoh following a civil war. Son of Psamtik II. | ||
| Khnemibre Ahmose II | He was the last great ruler of Egypt before the Persian conquest. According to the Greek historian Herodotus, he was of common origins. Father of Psamtik III. | ||
| Ankhkaenre Psamtik III | Son of Amasis II. Ruled for about six months before being defeated by the Persians in the Battle of Pelusium and subsequently executed for attempting to revolt. |
Twenty-Seventh Dynasty (First Persian Period)
Egypt was conquered by the Persian Empire in 525 BC and constituted a satrapy as part of this empire until 404 BC. The Achaemenid Shahanshahs were acknowledged as Pharaohs in this era, forming the 27th Dynasty:| Name | Image | Comments | Dates |
| Cambyses | Defeated Psamtik III at the Battle of Pelusium at 525 BC. | ||
| Smerdis | Son of Cyrus the Great. | ||
| Petubastis III | A native Egyptian rebel in the Delta. | ||
| Darius I the Great | Ascended throne by overthrowing Gaumata | ||
| Psammetichus IV | A proposed native Egyptian rebel leader. Exact date uncertain. | ||
| Xerxes I the Great | Assassinated by Artabanus of Persia. | ||
| Artabanus the Hyrcanian | — | ||
| Artaxerxes I Longhand | Died in 424 BC | ||
| Xerxes II | A claimant. | ||
| Sogdianus | A claimant. | ||
| Darius II | Died in 404 BC |
Twenty-Eighth Dynasty
The Twenty-eighth Dynasty lasted only 6 years, from 404 to 398 BC, with one pharaoh:| Name | Image | Comments | Dates |
| Amyrtaeus | Descendant of the Saite pharaohs of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty; led a successful revolt against the Persians. |
Twenty-Ninth Dynasty
The Twenty-ninth Dynasty ruled from 398 to 380 BC:| Name | Image | Comments | Dates |
| Baenre Nefaarud I | Also known as Nepherites. Defeated Amyrtaeus in open battle and had him executed. | ||
| Khenemmaatre Hakor | Son of Nefaarud I. | ||
| Psammuthes | Possibly dethroned Hakor for a year. | ||
| Hakor | Retook the throne from Psammuthes. | ||
| Nefaarud II | Was deposed and likely killed by Nectanebo I after ruling for only 4 months. Son of Hakor. |
Thirtieth Dynasty
The Thirtieth Dynasty ruled from 380 until Egypt once more came under Persian rule in 343 BC:| Name | Image | Comments | Dates |
| Kheperkare Nekhtnebef | Also known as Nekhtnebef. Deposed and likely killed Nefaarud II, starting the last dynasty of native Egyptians. Father of Teos. | ||
| Irimaatenre Djedher | Co-regent with his father Nectanebo I from about 365 BC. Was overthrown by Nectanebo II with the aid of Agesilaus II of Sparta. | ||
| Senedjemibre Nakhthorhebyt | Last native ruler of ancient Egypt to be recognized by Manetho. |
Thirty-First Dynasty (Second Persian Period)
Egypt again came under the control of the Achaemenid Persians. After the practice of Manetho, the Persian rulers from 343 to 332 BC are occasionally designated as the Thirty-first Dynasty:| Name | Image | Comments | Dates |
| Artaxerxes III | Egypt came under Persian rule for the second time. | ||
| Artaxerxes IV Arses | Only reigned in Lower Egypt. | ||
| Khababash | Rebel pharaoh who led an invasion in Nubia. | ||
| Darius III | Upper Egypt returned to Persian control in 335 BC. The Persian Empire was conquered by Alexander the Great in 332 B.C. |
Hellenistic period
Argead Dynasty
The Macedonian Greeks under Alexander the Great ushered in the Hellenistic period with his conquest of Persia and Egypt. The Argeads ruled from 332 to 309 BC:| Name | Image | Comments | Dates |
| Setepenre-meryamun Alexander III | Macedon conquered Persia and Egypt. | ||
| Philip III Arrhidaeus | Feeble-minded half-brother of Alexander the Great. | ||
| Haaibre Alexander IV | Son of Alexander III the Great and Roxana. |
Ptolemaic Dynasty
The second Hellenistic dynasty, the Ptolemies, ruled Egypt from 305 BC until Egypt became a province of Rome in 30 BC. The most famous member of this dynasty was Cleopatra VII, in modern times known simply as Cleopatra, who was successively the consort of Julius Caesar and, after Caesar's death, of Mark Antony, having children with both of them.Cleopatra strove to create a dynastic and political union between Egypt and Rome, but the assassination of Caesar and the defeat of Mark Antony doomed her plans.
Caesarion was the last king of the Ptolemaic Dynasty of Egypt, and he reigned jointly with his mother Cleopatra VII of Egypt, from September 2, 47 BC. He was the eldest son of Cleopatra VII, and possibly the only son of Julius Caesar, after whom he was named. Between the alleged death of Cleopatra, on August 12, 30 BC, up to his own alleged death on August 23, 30 BC, he was nominally the sole pharaoh. It is tradition that he was hunted down and killed on the orders of Octavian, who would become the Roman emperor Augustus, but the historical evidence does not exist.
| Name | Image | Comments | Dates |
| Setepenre-meryamun Ptolemy I Soter | Abdicated in 285 BC; died in 283 BC | ||
| Berenice I | Wife of Ptolemy I | ||
| Weserkare-meryamun Ptolemy II Philadelphos | Reigned for 39 years | ||
| Arsinoe I | Wife of Ptolemy II | ||
| Arsinoe II | Wife of Ptolemy II | ||
| Ptolemy III Euergetes I | Reigned for 24 years | ||
| Berenice II | Wife of Ptolemy III. Was Murdered. | ||
| Ptolemy IV Philopator | Died in unclear circumstances, possibly by fire in the palace or murder. | ||
| Arsinoe III | Wife of Ptolemy IV. Was Murdered. | ||
| Hugronaphor | Revolutionary pharaoh in the South | ||
| Ankhmakis | Revolutionary pharaoh in the South | ||
| Ptolemy V Epiphanes | Upper Egypt in revolt 207–186 BC | ||
| Cleopatra I | Wife of Ptolemy V, co-regent with Ptolemy VI during his minority | ||
| Ptolemy VI Philometor | Died 145 BC | ||
| Cleopatra II | Wife of Ptolemy VI | ||
| Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II | Proclaimed king by Alexandrians in 170 BC; ruled jointly with Ptolemy VI Philometor and Cleopatra II from 169 to 164 BC. Died 116 BC | ||
| Ptolemy VI Philometor | Egypt under the control of Ptolemy VIII 164 BC–163 BC; Ptolemy VI restored 163 BC | ||
| Cleopatra II | Married Ptolemy VIII; led revolt against him in 131 BC and became sole ruler of Egypt. | ||
| Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator | Proclaimed co-ruler by his father; later ruled under regency of his mother Cleopatra II | ||
| Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II | Restored | ||
| Cleopatra III | Second wife of Ptolemy VIII. Was murdered by her own son Ptolemy X. | ||
| Ptolemy Memphitis | Proclaimed King by Cleopatra II; soon killed by Ptolemy VIII | ||
| Harsiesi | Revolutionary pharaoh in the South | ||
| Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II | Restored | ||
| Cleopatra III | Restored with Ptolemy VIII; later co-regent with Ptolemy IX and X. | ||
| Cleopatra II | Reconciled with Ptolemy VIII; co-ruled with Cleopatra III and Ptolemy until 116. | ||
| Ptolemy IX Soter II | Died 80 BC | ||
| Cleopatra IV | Briefly married to Ptolemy IX, but was pushed out by Cleopatra III. Later murdered. | ||
| Ptolemy X Alexander I | Died 88 BC | ||
| Berenice III | Forced to marry Ptolemy XI; murdered on his orders 19 days later | ||
| Ptolemy XI Alexander II | Young son of Ptolemy X Alexander; installed by Sulla; ruled for 80 days before being lynched by citizens for killing Berenice III | ||
| Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos | Son of Ptolemy IX; died 51 BC | ||
| Cleopatra V Tryphaena | Wife of Ptolemy XII, mother of Berenice IV | ||
| Cleopatra VI | Daughter of Ptolemy XII | ||
| Berenice IV | Daughter of Ptolemy XII; forced to marry Seleucus Kybiosaktes, but had him strangled. Joint rule with Cleopatra VI until 57 BC. | ||
| Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos | Restored; reigned briefly with his daughter Cleopatra VII before his death | ||
| Cleopatra VII | Jointly with her father Ptolemy XII, her brother Ptolemy XIII, her brother-husband Ptolemy XIV, and her son Ptolemy XV; in modern usage, the stand-alone use of Cleopatra with no ordinal number usually refers to Cleopatra VII. Committed suicide. | ||
| Ptolemy XIII | Brother of Cleopatra VII | ||
| Arsinoe IV | In opposition to Cleopatra VII | ||
| Ptolemy XIV | Younger brother of Cleopatra VII and Ptolemy XIII | ||
| Ptolemy XV | Infant son of Cleopatra VII; aged 3 when proclaimed co-ruler with Cleopatra. Last known ruler of ancient Egypt when Rome took over. |
Rome
Cleopatra VII had affairs with Roman dictator Julius Caesar and Roman general Mark Antony, but it was not until after her suicide that Egypt became a province of the Roman Republic in 30 BC. Subsequent Roman emperors were accorded the title of pharaoh, although exclusively while in Egypt.The last Roman emperor to be conferred the title of pharaoh was Maximinus Daia.