List of state leaders in the 16th century

Africa

Africa: Central

• Kingdom of Kongo –
• Kingdom of Matamba –
• Portuguese Angola –

• Kingdom of Bamum –

• Sultanate of Bagirmi –

• Kuba Kingdom –
• Kingdom of Lunda –

• Kingdom of Loango –

• Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe –

  Africa: East

• Kingdom of Burundi –
• Kingdom of Rwanda –
• Buganda –

• Medri Bahri –
• Ethiopian Empire: Solomonic dynasty –
• Kingdom of Garo –
• Kingdom of Kaffa –
• Ennarea –
• Warsangali Sultanate –

• Merina Kingdom –

  Africa: Northcentral

• Hafsid dynasty –

  Africa: Northeast

• Abbasid Caliphate, Cairo –

• Funj Sultanate of Sennar –

  Africa: Northwest

• Wattasid dynasty of Morocco –
• Saadi dynasty of Morocco –

  Africa: South

• Portuguese Mozambique –

  Africa: West

• Abomey –
• Benin Empire –

• Mossi Kingdom of Nungu –

• Portuguese Cape Verde –

• Kaabu –
• Portuguese Guinea –

• Dendi Kingdom –

• Bornu Empire –
• Oyo Empire –
• Sultanate of Kano –
• Kingdom of Nri –

• Jolof / Wolof Empire –
• Cayor –
• Saloum –

  Asia

Asia: Central

• Moghulistan, –
• Kazakh Khanate –
• Kara Del

• Great Horde –

• Yarkent Khanate, Western Moghulistan –

• Guge
• Phagmodrupa dynasty –
• Rinpungpa –
• Tsangpa –

• Khanate of Khiva –

  Asia: East

• Ming dynasty –

• Ashikaga shogunate of Japan
• Azuchi–Momoyama period Japan
• Ryukyu Kingdom: Second Shō Dynasty –

• Joseon –

• Northern Yuan dynasty –

  Asia: Southeast

• Bruneian Empire –

• Kingdom of Cambodia: Middle Period –

• Sunda Kingdom –
• Majapahit: Rajasa dynasty –
• Tuban –
• Demak Sultanate –
• Giri –
• Kingdom of Pajang –
• Kalinyamat Sultanate –
• Duchy of Surabaya –
• Blambangan Kingdom –
• Pasuruan –
• Banten Sultanate –
• Sultanate of Cirebon –
• Bangkalan –
• Sumenep –
• Mataram Sultanate –
• Samudera Pasai Sultanate –
• Aceh Sultanate –
• Johor Sultanate –
• Sultanate of Langkat –
• Riau-Lingga Sultanate –
• Negara Daha –
• Sultanate of Banjar –
• Sultanate of Sambas –
• Sultanate of Bulungan –
• Sultanate of Gowa –
• Luwu –
• Bali Kingdom: Gelgel –
• Sultanate of Bacan –
• Sultanate of Jailolo –
• Sultanate of Tidore –
• Sultanate of Ternate –

• Lan Xang –

• Kedah Sultanate –
• Kelantan Sultanate –
• Malacca Sultanate
• Pahang Sultanate –
• Johor Sultanate –
• Perak Sultanate: Malacca dynasty –
• Sultanate of Sarawak –

• Kingdom of Ava –
• Mongyang State –
• Hanthawaddy Kingdom –
• Prome Kingdom –
• Kingdom of Mrauk U –
• Toungoo dynasty –

• Tondo –
• Rajahnate of Butuan –
• Namayan –
• Madja-as –
• Rajahnate of Maynila –
• Rajahnate of Cebu –
• Sultanate of Sulu –
• Sultanate of Maguindanao –
• Spanish East Indies, part of the Captaincy General of the Philippines –

• Lan Na –
• Ayutthaya Kingdom –

• Later Lê dynasty –
• Mạc dynasty –
• Revival Lê dynasty –
• Nguyễn lords –
• Trịnh lords –

  Asia: South

• Hussain Shahi dynasty of the Bengal Sultanate –
• Muhammad Shah dynasty of the Bengal Sultanate –
• Karrani dynasty of the Bengal Sultanate –
• Bhurshut –
• Jaintia Kingdom
• Mallabhum –
• Twipra Kingdom

• Sultanate of the Maldives: Hilaaly dynasty –

• Gorkha Kingdom –

• Kingdom of Sitawaka –
• Portuguese Ceylon –
• Kingdom of Kandy –
• Kingdom of Kotte –
• Kingdom of Sitawaka –
• Jaffna Kingdom –

  Asia: West

• Ottoman Empire

• Kathiri State of Seiyun –
• Yemeni Zaidi State –

  Europe

Europe: British Isles

• Kingdom of Scotland –

• Leinster –

  Europe: Central

• Holy Roman Empire, Kingdom of Germany

• Kingdom of Bohemia, Kingdom of Hungary /, Margraviate of Moravia –
• Duchy of Cieszyn –

• Kingdom of Poland –
• Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth: Kingdom of Poland –

• State of the Teutonic Order –
• Duchy of Prussia –

  ''Small central states''

• Archduchy of Austria –
• Prince-Bishopric of Brixen –
• Duchy of Carinthia –
• Prince-Bishopric of Chur –
• Principality of Heitersheim of the Knights Hospitaller –
• Duchy of Styria –
• Prince-Bishopric of Trent –
• County of Tyrol –

• Duchy of Bavaria: Bavaria-Landshut, Bavaria-Munich, Bavaria-Dachau –
• Berchtesgaden Prince-Provostry –
• Prince-Bishopric of Freising –
• Imperial County of Ortenburg –
• Pappenheim –
• Palatinate-Sulzbach –
• Prince-Bishopric of Regensburg –

• County of Burgundy –
• Duchy of Brabant –
• Duchy of Guelders –
• Duchy of Luxemburg –
• Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht –

• Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg –
• Brandenburg-Ansbach –
• Brandenburg-Kulmbach –
• County of Castell –
• Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg –

• County/ Duchy of Arenberg –
• Elector-Bishopric of Mainz –
• Nieder-Isenburg –
• Electoral Palatinate –
• Elector-Bishopric of Trier –

• Bentheim-Bentheim –
• Bentheim-Tecklenburg –
• Bentheim-Tecklenburg –
• Duchy of Cleves, County of Mark –
• Essen Abbey –
• Herford Abbey –
• Limburg-Styrum
• Styrum –
• Prince-Bishopric of Münster –
• Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück –
• Prince-Bishopric of Paderborn –
• County of Runkel –
• County of Sayn –
• County of Wied –
• County of Wied –

• Duchy of Bar –
• Prince-Bishopric of Basel –
• Princely Abbey of Fulda –
• Landgraviate of Hesse –
• Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt –
• Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel –
• Landgraviate of Hesse-Marburg –
• Landgraviate of Hesse-Rheinfels –
• Leiningen-Westerburg –
• Westerburg-Leiningen-Westerburg –
• Westerburg-Leiningen-Leiningen –
• Leiningen-Schaumburg –
• Leiningen-Hardenburg –
• Duchy of Lorraine –
• Salm-Salm –
• Solms-Braunfels –
• Prince-Bishopric of Speyer –
• County of Waldeck-Landau, Newer Line –
• County of Waldeck-Eisenberg –
• County of Waldeck-Widlungen, Older Line –
• Prince-Bishopric of Worms –

• Duchy/ Electorate of Saxony, Albertine –
• Saxe-Lauenburg –
• Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen –
• Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel/ Principality of Wolfenbüttel –
• Principality of Calenberg –
• Principality of Grubenhagen –
• Principality of Lüneburg –
• Duchy of Gifhorn –
• Free City of Hamburg –
• Prince-Bishopric of Hildesheim –
• Holstein-Glückstadt –
• Holstein-Gottorp –
• Prince-bishopric of Lübeck –
• Free City of Lübeck –
• Prince-Archbishopric of Magdeburg and of Halberstadt –

• Electorate/ Duchy of Saxony, Ernestine –
• Saxe-Weimar –
• Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach –
• Saxe-Eisenach –
• Saxe-Coburg –
• Anhalt-Dessau –
• Anhalt-Köthen –
• Anhalt-Plötzkau –
• Anhalt-Zerbst –
• Principality of Anhalt –
• Barby-Barby –
• :de:Grafschaft Barby|Barby-Mühlingen –
• Electorate of Brandenburg –
• Brandenburg-Küstrin –
• Duchy of Pomerania, Pomerania-Wolgast, Pomerania-Barth –
• Pomerania-Stettin, Pomerania-Rügenwalde –
• Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt –
• Schwarzburg-Sondershausen –
• Stolberg-Stolberg –
• Landgraviate of Thuringia –

• Prince-Bishopric of Augsburg –
• –
• Margraviate of Baden/ –
• –
• –
• –
• Prince-Bishopric of Constance –
• Prince-Provostry of Ellwangen –
• Hohenzollern-Hechingen –
• Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen –
• Princely Abbey of Kempten –
• Weingarten Abbey –
• Barony of Westerburg –
• Duchy of Württemberg –

  Europe: East

• Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth: Grand Duchy of Lithuania –
• Grand Duchy of Moscow –
• Tsardom of Russia –

  Europe: Nordic

• Kalmar Union –
• Denmark–Norway –

  Europe: Southcentral

• Duchy of Mantua –
• Duchy of Milan –
• Papal States –
• Duchy of Parma –
• Duchy of Savoy –
• Grand Duchy of Tuscany –

• Kingdom of Naples –

  Europe: Southwest

• Kingdom of Navarre –
• County of Ribagorza –

• Kingdom of Portugal –

• Habsburg Spain

  Europe: West

• Anjou –
• Auvergne –
• Duchy of Brittany –
• County of Flanders –
• County of Maine –
• Monaco –

  Eurasia: Caucasus

• Kingdom of Kartli –

  Americas

Americas: North

• Tenochtitlan ' —
• *Ahuitzotl, 8th Hueyi Tlatoani
• *Moctezuma II Xocoyotzin, 9th Hueyi Tlatoani
• *Cuitalahuac II, 10th Hueyi Tlatoani
• *Cuauhtémoc, 11th Hueyi Tlatoani
• *Juan Velázquez Tlacotzin, Cihuacoatl and first Tlatoani after the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
• *Andrés de Tapia Motelchiuh, Cuauhtlato
• *Pablo Xochiquentzin, Cuauhtlato
• #Diego de Alvarado Huanitzin, Tlatoani and first governor '
• *Diego de San Francisco Tehuetzquititzin, Tlatoani and second governor of Nueva España
• Tlaxcala Confederacy
• *Tepeticpac
• *Ocotelolco
• *Maxixcatl, Tlatoani
• *Lorenzo Maxixcatl
• *Tizatlan
• *Xicotencatl I, Tlatoani ; Xicotencatl II, Tlacochcalcatl, de facto ruler
• *Quiahuiztlan
• Zapotec civilization
• *Cocijoeza, Emperoor of Zaachila
• *Cosijopii I, King of Tehuantepec

  Americas: South

• Inca Empire, Sapa Inca
• Neo-Inca State