Maxakalían languages


The Maxakalían languages were first classified into the Gê languages. It was only in 1931 that Loukotka separated them from the Gê family. Alfred Métraux and Curt Nimuendaju Unkel considered the Maxakalían family isolated from others. John Alden Mason suggests a connection with the Macro-Gê stock, confirmed by Aryon Dall’Igna Rodrigues.

Languages

Apart from extinct varieties generally seen as dialects of Maxakalí, Mason noted resemblances with a few other extinct languages of the area: Pataxó, Malalí and Coropó. However, Coropó is now thought to be a Purian language. Campbell therefore lists the Maxakalian languages as:
  1. Malalí '
  2. Pataxó '
  3. Maxakalí
Glottolog restores Coropó as a Maxakalían language.

Nikulin (2020)

Nikulin proposes the following internal classification of the Maxakalían languages:
;Maxakalí
Maxakalí is a sister of Krenák and possibly also Kamakã. Together, they form a Trans-São Francisco branch within the Macro-Jê language phylum in Nikulin's classification.

Ramirez (2015)

Internal classification of the Maxakali languages according to Ramirez, et al. :
Currently, Maxakali is the only living language, while all other languages are extinct.
Pataxó as documented by Prince Maximilian of Wied-Neuwied in 1816 is distinct from Pataxó-Hãhãhãe. Pataxó-Hãhãhãe was spoken into the 20th century and has been documented by Meader, Loukotka, and Silva & Rodrigues.
Many Maxakalian varieties are attested only from 19th-century word lists, some of which are:
Below is a full list of Mashakali languages and dialects listed by Loukotka, including names of unattested varieties.
;Western
;Eastern
;Southern
lists:
;Mashacalí
lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Mashakali languages.
glossMashakaliKaposhoKumanashoPañámeMonoxoMakoniPatashoHahaháyMalali
threehebü-hoeetíghatigmounghí
headi-toñanüpatañonpatañonepo-toyap-tóweepo-toiat-patoymu-huháyakä
toothtsoʔoishuoishuoishuoya-chóweeti-öyãn-chuayó
handñimkotoinipeotoañibktänañeːmini-mankóahamayimké
waterkonahankonaʔankunaʔankonaʔankoanʔákonamtiängnahaxexe
firekeshamkeshamkicháuköaitahábmkuyá
sunapokaiapukoiapukoiapukoymaĩuáabkaymayonmanochiáhapem
earthhahámaʔamaʔamhaʔamhahámaʔamahamhahámam
treeabaʔaiabaʔaiabaʔaiabaʔaymihiːnaboʔoimihimmihná
eattomonvemántigmanĩmánasitoknikenangkomá