Municipalities of Puerto Rico
The municipalities of Puerto Rico are the second-order administrative divisions in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. There are 78 such administrative divisions covering all 78 incorporated towns and cities. Each municipality is led by a mayor and divided into barrios, though the latter are not vested with any political authority. Every municipality is governed by the Autonomous Municipalities Act of 1991, which establishes that every municipality must have an elected strong mayor with a municipal legislature as the form of government. Each legislature must be unicameral, with the number of members related to adequate representation of the total municipality's population. In contrast to other jurisdictions, both the mayors and the municipal legislators are elected on the same date and for the same term of office.
From a political and urban design perspective, several differences and similarities exist among municipalities of differing sizes. For instance, municipalities with 50,000 inhabitants or more are considered incorporated cities, while those with fewer than 50,000 are considered incorporated towns. Size affects the autonomy exercised by the jurisdiction: cities provide and manage their own services, while towns typically depend on nearby cities for certain services. All municipalities have a barrio called pueblo proper, which typically is the site of that municipality's historic Spanish colonial settlement. With development over time, it typically has become that municipality's urban core. Municipalities with large populations, however, may have an urban core that consist of several barrios.
Other differences exist among the municipalities. Economic activity, for example, tends to be concentrated in the metropolitan areas surrounding the cities of San Juan, Ponce, Arecibo, Caguas, Mayaguez, Aguadilla, and Humacao, and most towns are commuter towns. Statistically, the municipality with the largest number of inhabitants is San Juan, with around 400,000, while Culebra is the smallest, with around 1,800. Arecibo is the largest in terms of geography, with around 125 mi2, and Cataño the smallest, with around 4.8 mi2.
Overview
Because Puerto Rico was a Spanish colony until 1898, its system of local government bears more resemblance to that of the Hispanophone nations of the Americas than to local government in the United States and some other Anglophone countries. Thus, there are no first-order administrative divisions akin to counties, as defined by the United States Government; instead, Puerto Rico has 78 municipalities or "municipios" as the secondary unit of administration. For U.S. Census purposes, the municipalities are considered county equivalents. The municipalities are grouped into eight electoral districts, but these do not possess administrative functions. In 1991, the Autonomous Municipalities Act was passed, which slightly modified the rights and responsibilities of Puerto Rican municipalities with the aim of decentralizing control and improving government services.Every municipality is composed of several barrios, except for Florida, which has only one barrio. The municipality of Ponce has the largest number of barrios, 31.
Every municipality also has an urban area made up of one or more barrios. When the urban area is made up of only one barrio, it is called "Barrio Pueblo". Some urban areas are made up of multiple barrios: Ponce's urban area, for example, is made up of 12 barrios. All of San Juan's barrios are urban barrios, and the municipality of San Juan is composed of urban barrios only - thus, the entire municipality of San Juan consists of one large urban zone only.
Every municipality's urban zone is named by the same name as the municipality. For example, the municipality of Caguas has an urban zone called Caguas - just like the municipality. Some municipalities' urban zones are termed "pueblo" while others are termed "ciudad". The difference resides in the population of the municipality: if the municipality has an urban zone below 50,000 inhabitants, then its urban zone is called a pueblo. If a municipality has a population above 50,000 inhabitants in its urban zone, then its urban zone is called a ciudad.
Politics
The municipalities elect a Mayor and a Municipal Legislature in the general elections every four years.Demographics
Racial composition
The following is an alphabetical list of the municipalities and their population together with a breakdown of their racial composition.| Municipality | White | Black | Amerindian | Asian | Multiracial | Hispanic |
| Adjuntas | 93.1 | 3.1 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 3.4 | 99.6 |
| Aguada | 86.6 | 5.3 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 7.7 | 99.4 |
| Aguadilla | 83.0 | 7.4 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 8.2 | 98.5 |
| Aguas Buenas | 72.5 | 12.6 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 14.2 | 99.5 |
| Aibonito | 83.5 | 7.3 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 9.0 | 99.3 |
| Añasco | 82.0 | 7.2 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 10.3 | 99.2 |
| Arecibo | 84.5 | 6.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 7.9 | 99.2 |
| Arroyo | 53.5 | 32.5 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 13.0 | 99.1 |
| Barceloneta | 80.7 | 7.6 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 11.2 | 99.4 |
| Barranquitas | 86.0 | 5.4 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 8.3 | 99.3 |
| Bayamón | 78.3 | 10.3 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 10.7 | 99.0 |
| Cabo Rojo | 84.1 | 5.4 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 10.1 | 98.9 |
| Caguas | 76.1 | 11.0 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 12.1 | 99.1 |
| Camuy | 87.9 | 4.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 7.6 | 99.4 |
| Canóvanas | 61.2 | 21.6 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 16.1 | 99.2 |
| Carolina | 64.3 | 22.8 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 11.7 | 98.6 |
| Cataño | 70.7 | 14.4 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 13.7 | 99.0 |
| Cayey | 79.9 | 8.3 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 11.3 | 99.3 |
| Ceiba | 70.6 | 16.5 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 12.0 | 98.8 |
| Ciales | 89.5 | 4.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 6.2 | 99.7 |
| Cidra | 76.6 | 8.3 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 14.6 | 99.4 |
| Coamo | 76.8 | 10.4 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 12.3 | 99.6 |
| Comerío | 78.6 | 8.6 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 12.1 | 99.6 |
| Corozal | 85.4 | 5.3 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 9.0 | 99.4 |
| Culebra | 56.9 | 26.6 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 15.4 | 91.7 |
| Dorado | 69.5 | 15.7 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 13.9 | 98.0 |
| Fajardo | 64.8 | 18.6 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 15.7 | 98.2 |
| Florida | 90.4 | 4.6 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 4.5 | 99.6 |
| Guánica | 79.9 | 7.7 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 11.8 | 99.4 |
| Guayama | 68.2 | 18.5 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 12.3 | 99.1 |
| Guayanilla | 81.9 | 8.3 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 9.3 | 99.5 |
| Guaynabo | 79.4 | 9.8 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 10.1 | 98.2 |
| Gurabo | 72.5 | 14.6 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 12.5 | 99.2 |
| Hatillo | 87.3 | 4.4 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 8.0 | 99.2 |
| Hormigueros | 81.2 | 8.3 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 10.0 | 99.5 |
| Humacao | 66.1 | 18.5 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 14.3 | 99.0 |
| Isabela | 83.4 | 7.5 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 8.6 | 99.0 |
| Jayuya | 90.7 | 3.4 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 5.5 | 99.6 |
| Juana Díaz | 75.3 | 14.3 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 9.9 | 99.4 |
| Juncos | 71.7 | 13.7 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 14.1 | 99.3 |
| Lajas | 80.6 | 5.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 13.9 | 99.3 |
| Lares | 91.1 | 3.0 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 5.6 | 99.3 |
| Las Marías | 86.3 | 5.3 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 8.0 | 99.4 |
| Las Piedras | 70.5 | 11.8 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 17.1 | 99.4 |
| Loíza | 26.5 | 64.3 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 8.6 | 99.4 |
| Luquillo | 65.5 | 20.8 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 12.6 | 97.9 |
| Manatí | 81.8 | 8.7 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 8.9 | 99.2 |
| Maricao | 89.2 | 4.8 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 5.3 | 99.4 |
| Maunabo | 47.9 | 30.4 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 20.8 | 99.2 |
| Mayagüez | 78.7 | 8.2 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 12.1 | 98.9 |
| Moca | 89.5 | 4.5 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 5.8 | 99.4 |
| Morovis | 88.4 | 5.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 6.1 | 99.4 |
| Naguabo | 71.1 | 15.9 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 12.4 | 99.2 |
| Naranjito | 84.2 | 6.0 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 9.4 | 99.5 |
| Orocovis | 86.7 | 6.2 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 6.6 | 99.6 |
| Patillas | 61.7 | 19.9 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 17.7 | 99.3 |
| Peñuelas | 81.8 | 9.2 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 8.4 | 99.4 |
| Ponce | 82.0 | 9.0 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 8.3 | 99.2 |
| Quebradillas | 89.2 | 3.7 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 6.9 | 99.3 |
| Rincón | 85.7 | 5.3 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 8.2 | 96.4 |
| Río Grande | 61.9 | 24.6 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 12.6 | 99.0 |
| Sabana Grande | 85.3 | 5.5 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 8.8 | 99.5 |
| Salinas | 67.4 | 16.4 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 15.5 | 99.3 |
| San Germán | 83.4 | 5.6 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 10.5 | 99.2 |
| San Juan | 68.0 | 18.6 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 12.2 | 98.2 |
| San Lorenzo | 76.1 | 9.9 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 13.2 | 99.5 |
| San Sebastián | 88.5 | 3.0 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 8.1 | 99.3 |
| Santa Isabel | 73.0 | 15.6 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 10.9 | 99.6 |
| Toa Alta | 76.3 | 9.6 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 13.5 | 99.3 |
| Toa Baja | 70.2 | 16.8 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 12.1 | 99.0 |
| Trujillo Alto | 72.1 | 14.6 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 12.3 | 98.9 |
| Utuado | 92.7 | 2.7 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 4.3 | 99.4 |
| Vega Alta | 71.2 | 14.9 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 13.1 | 98.7 |
| Vega Baja | 77.3 | 11.5 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 10.6 | 99.3 |
| Vieques | 58.7 | 28.1 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 12.5 | 94.3 |
| Villalba | 82.1 | 8.5 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 9.1 | 99.7 |
| Yabucoa | 65.6 | 14.1 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 19.8 | 99.3 |
| Yauco | 83.0 | 5.9 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 9.6 | 99.5 |
| Puerto Rico | 75.8 | 12.4 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 11.1 | 99.0 |
Finances
In 2012, 36 of the 78 municipalities were experiencing a budget deficit. In total, the combined debt carried by the municipalities stands at about US$590 million.| Municipality | Mayor's party | Population | Surplus or deficit | Surplus or deficit per capita | Public debt | Public debt per capita |
| Adjuntas | PNP | 19,483 | AmalgamationIn October 2009, a Puerto Rican legislator proposed a bill that would reduce the current 78 municipalities of Puerto Rico down to 20. The bill called for a referendum to take place on June 13, 2010, which would let the people decide on the matter. However, the bill never made into law.It was not the first time that an attempt to consolidate municipalities had failed. In 1902 the Puerto Rico legislature, under pressure from the US.-appointed governor of Puerto Rico, passed a law consolidating the then-76 municipalities of Puerto Rico into 46. The law was repealed three years later. With the serious fiscal crisis that emerged in the first half of 2010s, a new plan to consolidate municipalities was again circulated in the legislature in 2017 as a way to alleviate the government debt crisis, but even that plan was also ultimately defeated. In March 2019 Governor Ricardo Rosello created an initiative which would preserve the existing municipalities but create regional consolidation by sharing service overhead in the form of counties. List of proposed municipalitiesThe 20 new municipalities of the 2009 amalgamation proposal and the existing municipalities that would have made them up:
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