Nanai people


The Nanai people are a Tungusic people of East Asia and the Russian Far East, who have traditionally lived along Heilongjiang, Songhuajiang and Wusuli River on the Middle Amur Basin. The ancestors of the Nanai were the Jurchens of northernmost Manchuria.
The Nanai/Hezhe language belongs to the Manchu-Tungusic languages. According to the 2010 census there were 12,003 Nanai in Russia.

Name

Common names for this people include нанай/Nanai ; self-designation Hezhen ; нанайцы nanaitsy; ; Hèzhézú. There are also terms formerly in use: Golds, Goldes, Goldi, Heje, and Samagir.
Own names are and . means 'land, earth, ground, country' or, in this context, 'native, local' and,, means 'people' in different dialects.
The Russian linguist L. I. Sem gives the self-name in the Cyrillic form, хэǯэ най or хэǯэны, and explains it as the self-name of the Nanai of the lower Amur, meaning, "people who live along the lower course of the river". It is the source of the Chinese name for the Nanai, formerly "黑斤", "赫哲哈喇", and modern Chinese name "赫哲".

Traditional lifestyle and culture

Some of the earliest first-hand accounts of the Nanai people in the European languages belong to the French Jesuit geographers travelling on the Ussuri and the Amur in 1709. According to them, the native people living on the Ussuri and on the Amur above the mouth of the Dondon River were known as Yupi Tartars, while the name of the people living on the Dondon and on the Amur below Dondon was transcribed by the Jesuits into French as Ketching.
The latter name may be the French transcription of the reported self-name of the Nanai of the lower Amur,, which was also applied to the closely related Ulch people,
According to the Jesuits, the language of the "Yupi" people seemed to occupy an intermediate position between the Manchu language and that of the "Ketching". people; some level of communication between the Yupi and the Ketching was possible.
Some Han Chinese are said to have founded clan subdivisions among the Nanai and the Nanai have absorbed Manchu and Jurchens. Nanai culture is influenced by Han Chinese and Manchu culture and the Nanai share a myth in common with southern Chinese.
The Nanais at first fought against the Nurhaci and the Manchus, led by their own Nanai Hurka chief Sosoku before surrendering to Hongtaiji in 1631. Mandatory shaving of the front of all male heads was imposed on Amur peoples conquered by the Qing like the Nanai people. The Amur peoples already wore the queue on the back of their heads but did not shave the front until the Qing subjected them and ordered them to shave.

Economy

As described by early visitors, the economy of the people living there was based on fishing. The people would live in villages along the banks of the Ussuri, and would spend their entire summers fishing, eating fresh fish in the summer, and drying more fish for eating in winter. Fish would be used as fodder for those few domestic animals they had.
The traditional clothing was made out of fish skins. These skins were left to dry. Once dry, they were struck repeatedly with a mallet to leave them completely smooth. Finally they were sewn together. The fish chosen to be used were those weighing more than 50 kilograms.
In the past centuries, this distinct practice earned the Nanai the name "Fish-skin Tartars" . This name has also been applied, more generically, to other aboriginal groups of the lower Sungari and lower Amur basins.
Agriculture entered the Nanai lands only slowly. Practically the only crop grown by the Yupi villagers on the Ussuri River shores in 1709 was some tobacco.

Religion

The Nanai are mainly Shamanist, with a great reverence for the bear and the tiger. They consider that the shamans have the power to expel bad spirits by means of prayers to the gods. During the centuries they have been worshipers of the spirits of the sun, the moon, the mountains, the water and the trees. According to their beliefs, the land was once flat until great serpents gouged out the river valleys. They consider that all the things of the universe possess their own spirit and that these spirits wander independently throughout the world. In the Nanai religion, inanimate objects were often personified. Fire, for example, was personified as an elderly woman whom the Nanai referred to as Fadzya Mama. Young children were not allowed to run up to the fire, since they might startle Fadzya Mama, and men always were courteous in the presence of a fire.
Nanai shamans, like other Tungusic peoples of the region, had characteristic clothing, consisting of a skirt and jacket; a leather belt with conical metal pendants; mittens with figures of serpents, lizards or frogs; and hats with branching horns or bear, wolf, or fox fur attached to it. Bits of Chinese mirrors were also sometimes incorporated into the costume.
When a person dies their soul lives on, as the body is merely an outer shell for the soul. This concept of a continuing soul was not introduced to the Nanai by Christianity, but is original to them.
The Nanai believe that each person has both a soul and a spirit. On death the soul and spirit will go different ways. A person’s spirit becomes malevolent and begins to harm their living relatives. With time, these amban may be tamed and can later be worshipped, otherwise a special ritual must be performed to chase the evil spirit away.
After death a person's souls is put into a temporary shelter made of cloth, called a lachako. The souls of the deceased will remain in the lachako for seven days before being moved to a wooden sort of doll called a panyo, where it will remain until the final funerary ritual.
The panyo is taken care of as if it is a living person; for example, it is given a bed to sleep in each night, with a pillow and blanket to match its miniature size. The closest family member is in charge of taking care of the deceased’s panyo. Each night this family member puts the panyo to bed and then wakes it in the morning. The panyo has a small hole carved where the mouth of a person would be, so that a pipe may occasionally be placed there and allow the deceased to smoke. If the family member travels they will bring the panyo with them.
The dead’s final funerary ritual is called kasa tavori and lasts three days, during which there is much feasting and the souls of the deceased are prepared for their journey to the underworld. The most important part of the kasa tavori is held on the third day. On this day the dead’s souls are moved from the panyo into large human looking wooden figures made to be about the size of the deceased, called mugdeh. These mugdeh are moved into a dog sled that will be used to transport them to the underworld, Buni. Before leaving for Buni the shaman communicates any last wills of the deceased to the gathered family. For example in the anthropologist Gaer’s account of this ritual, one soul asked his family to repay a debt to a neighbor that the deceased was never able to repay.
After this ceremony the shaman leads the dog sleds on the dangerous journey to Buni, from where she must leave before sunset or else she will die.
After kasa tavori it has previously been practiced that the living relatives could no longer visit the graves of the deceased, or even talk about them.
The souls of Nanai infants do not behave in the same manner as an adult’s. For the Nanai, children under a year old are not yet people, but are birds. When an infant dies, its soul will turn into a bird and fly off. When an infant dies they are not buried. Instead they are wrapped in a paper made of birch bark and placed in a large tree somewhere in the forest. The soul of the child, or the bird, is then free to enter back into a woman. It is common practice in preparing a funeral rite of an infant to mark it with coal, such as drawing a bracelet around the wrist. If a child is later born to a woman that has similar markings to those drawn on a deceased child then it is believed to be the same soul reborn.
The deceased were normally buried in the ground with the exception of children who died prior to the first birthday; these are buried in tree branches as a "wind burial". Many Nanai are also Tibetan Buddhist.

Modern population

Russia

In Russia the Nanai live on the Sea of Okhotsk, on the Amur River, downstream from Khabarovsk, on both sides of Komsomolsk-on-Amur, as well as on the banks of the Ussuri and the Girin rivers. The Russians formerly called them Goldi, after a Nanai clan name. According to the 2002 census, there were 12,160 Nanai in Russia.
In the Soviet Union, a written standard of the Nanai language was created by Valentin Avrorin and others. It is still taught today in 13 schools in Khabarovsk.

China

The Nanai are one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China where they are known as "Hezhe". According to the last census of 2004, they numbered 4,640 in China. Chinese Nanai speak the Hezhen dialect of Nanai. They also have a rich oral literature known as the Yimakan. The dialect does not have a written system in China and Nanai usually write in Chinese. However, as of 2005 teachers have recently finished compiling what is probably the first Hezhe language textbook.

Distribution

By province

The 2000 Chinese census recorded 4.640 Nanai in China.
;Provincial Distribution of the Nanai:
ProvinceNanai Population% of Total
Heilongjiang3.91084,27%
Jilin1904,09%
Beijing841,81%
Liaoning821,77%
Inner Mongolia541,16%
Hebei460,99%
Others2745,91%

By county

;County-level distribution of the Nanai
ProvincePrefectureCountyNanai Population% of China's Nanai Population
HeilongjiangJiamusiTongjiang City106022,84%
HeilongjiangJiamusiJiao District65714,16%
HeilongjiangShuangyashanRaohe County52911,4 %
HeilongjiangJiamusiFuyuan County46810,09%
HeilongjiangJiamusiXiangyang District1312,82%
HeilongjiangJiamusiQianjin District972,09%
HeilongjiangHarbinNangang District881,9 %
JilinJilinChangyi District711,53%
HeilongjiangJiamusiHuachuan County671,44%
HeilongjiangJiamusiFujin City651,40%
HeilongjiangHegangSuibin County521,12%
HeilongjiangJiamusiDongfeng District511,1 %
HeilongjiangHarbinYilan County450,97%
BeijingHaidian District430,93%
HeilongjiangHeiheXunke County430,93%
HeilongjiangJiamusiHuanan County420,91%
HeilongjiangJiamusiTangyuan County300,65%
JilinJilin CityYongji County290,63%
JilinChangchunChaoyang District270,58%
HeilongjiangQiqiharJianhua District260,56%
HeilongjiangQiqiharLongjiang County260,56%
Inner MongoliaHulun BuirEvenk Autonomous Banner220,47%
HeilongjiangShuangyashanBaoqing County210,45%
Other95020,47%

Notable Nanai

Gallery