Non-lexical vocables in music
Non-lexical vocables, which may be mixed with meaningful text, are a form of nonsense syllable used in a wide variety of music. Common English examples would be "la la la", "na na na" or "da da da".
Traditional music
Non-lexical vocables are used in yodeling, Blackfoot music and other Native American music, Pygmy music, the music of the Maldives. In Irish traditional music and Highland Scots music, it is called lilting. Vocables frequently act as formal markers, indicating the beginning and end of phrases, sections or songs themselves, and also as onomatopoeic references, cueing devices, and other purposes.The Blackfoot, like other Plains Indians, use the consonants h, y, w, and vowels. They avoid n, c and other consonants. i and e tend slightly to be higher pitches, a, o, and u lower ones.
The AIM Song has its origins in the Plains; as such, it holds similar characteristics to Blackfoot song. It is intended as an intertribal song, so the use of non-lexical vocables prevents bias to one particular language.
Other traditional musical forms employing non-lexical vocables include:
- Puirt à beul
- Nigun in Jewish religious music
- Joik or luohti
Jazz music
Vocal improviser Bobby McFerrin’s performances at major concert halls worldwide show that “wordless singing has traveled far from the concepts demonstrated by Louis Armstrong, Gladys Bentley, Cab Calloway, Anita O’Day, and Leo Watson”.
Another method of scat singing is practiced by guitarists who scat along with their guitar solos note for note. Notable practitioners include George Benson, Sheldon Reynolds, and Rik Emmett.
Orchestral accompaniment
A non-lexical form of Latin is often used as accompaniment for orchestral movie and video game soundtracks. It utilizes strings of Dog Latin syllables and a deep tone to emulate ominous or grandiose Latin chants.Vocal percussion
Non-lexical vocables that take on percussive roles:- Tabla Bols
- Beatboxing
- Konnakol
Musical training
- Solfège, or solfa, is a technique for teaching sight-singing, in which each note is sung to a special syllable.
- Canntaireachd is an ancient Scottish practice of noting music with a combination of definite syllables for ease of recollection and transmission.
- In India, the origin of solmization was to be found in Vedic texts like the Upanishads, which discuss a musical system of seven notes, realized ultimately in what is known as sargam. In Indian classical music, the notes in order are: sa, re, ga, ma, pa, dha, and ni.
- Byzantine music also uses syllables derived from a hymn to name notes: starting with A, the notes are pa, vu, ga, di, ke, zo, ni.
- In Japan, the Iroha, an ancient poem, is sometimes used as solfège.
Popular music of the WWII era
The song "Mairzy Doats" used blurred lyrics that sound non-lexical:
However, the lyrics of the bridge provide a clue:
Popular music
Styles of popular music that frequently employ non-lexical vocables include:Scat singing influenced the development of doo-wop and hip hop. It was popular enough in doo-wop that Barry Mann and Gerry Goffin made it the subject of a 1961 song, Who Put the Bomp ". It has also appeared in various genres of rock music. Jim Morrison of The Doors sings a chorus of slow scat on the song "Cars Hiss By My Window", trying to replicate a harmonica solo he had heard, as well as on the song "Roadhouse Blues"; scat singing also notably opens the B-side of Joe Walsh's 1973 album The Smoker You Drink, The Player You Get with the song "Meadow". The technique was employed in the song "The Great Gig in the Sky" by Pink Floyd, as well as the R&B song "Rubber Biscuit" by The Chips. The list of scat singers includes such greats as Jelly Roll Morton, Louis Armstrong, Bing Crosby, Cab Calloway, Scatman Crothers, Dizzy Gillespie, Ella Fitzgerald, Sarah Vaughan, Sammy Davis Jr., Mel Tormé, Tony Bennett, Cleo Laine, Roger Miller, Aretha Franklin, Van Morrison, and the Pointer Sisters.
Scatting also makes appearances in newer genres, including industrial music, in the chorus of Ministry's 1991 song ""; nu metal music, in the band Korn ; and the heavy metal subgenre of death metal, where scat singing is used by John Tardy of the band Obituary. Jack Black incorporates scat into several Tenacious D songs, most notably: "Tribute", "Cosmic Shame", "Classico," "Jesus Ranch," Low Hangin' Fruit," and "Bowie". Singer JoJo performs ad-libbed scats on the track "Yes or No". Other modern examples include "Under Pressure" by Queen, "Rag Doll" by Aerosmith, "Under My Voodoo" by Sublime, "No! Don't Shoot" by Foxy Shazam, "Ma Meeshka Mow Skwoz" by Mr. Bungle, "In My Bed" by Amy Winehouse, and "Stuck in the Middle" by Mika. Scatman John combined scat and early-1990s electronic dance music.
Due to the wide-ranging vocal styles used in popular music, occasionally songs have been mistakenly categorized as having non-lexical vocables, when in fact the singers are performing actual lyrics rendered partially unintelligible to the ear of some listeners. Two famous 1960s examples are "Louie Louie" as recorded by The Kingsmen and "Wooly Bully" by Sam the Sham and the Pharaohs.
Examples
Some bands have invented a language for their lyrics; examples include:Jack Black uses non-lexical vocables whilst singing as Tenacious D.
Van Morrison employed scat in his performances.
French singer :fr:Antoine Tomé|Antoine Tomé has used vocal percussions and sung several of his songs in an imaginary language since the 1970's.
Examples by popular non-anglophone singers using such techniques include "Bla Bla Bla" by Gigi D'Agostino, "Eena Mina Dika" in the Bollywood film Aasha, Eduard Khil's "I Am Glad, Cause I'm Finally Returning Back Home" sung entirely without lyrics, "Fuzao" by Faye Wong, "Lagu Lagu" by Sa Dingding and "Din Daa Daa" by George Kranz.
Disney songs
A signature of some Disney musical films is their songs' use of nonsense words, the longest and most famous of which is from Mary Poppins, entitled "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious". A close second is "Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah" from Song of the South, which won the Academy Award for Best Original Song. Nonsense word song titles include:- "Heigh-Ho" from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
- "Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah" from Song of the South
- "Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo" from Cinderella
- "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious" and "Chim Chim Cher-ee" from Mary Poppins
- "Substitutiary Locomotion" from Bedknobs and Broomsticks, which includes the incantation "Treguna Mekoides and Tracorum Satis Dee"
- "Whistle-Stop" from Robin Hood, which was reused in The Hampsterdance Song
- "Whoop-de-Dooper Bounce" from The Tigger Movie
- "I Wanna Be Like You" from The Jungle Book features a segment of improvisational nonsense words.
- "Trashing the Camp" from Tarzan also contains a segment of improvisational nonsense words.
- "Everybody Wants to Be a Cat" from The Aristocats, sung by Scatman Crothers as "Scat Cat", contains lengthy scat sequences.