Numbami distinguishes 5 vowels and 18 consonants. Voiceless /s/ is a fricative, but its voiced and prenasalized equivalents are affricated, varying between more alveolar and more palatalized. The liquid /l/ is usually rendered as a flap. The labial approximant is slightly fricative, tending toward, when followed by front vowels.
Vowels (orthographic)
Consonants (orthographic)
Obstruent harmony
Prenasalized obstruents only occur in medial position, where the distinction between oral and prenasalized voiced obstruents is somewhat predictable. Medial voiced obstruents are statistically far more likely to be oral in words beginning with oral voiced obstruents, while they are far more likely to be prenasalized in words beginning with anything else. If denasalization of voiced obstruents is an ongoing change, one can track its progress through different lexical environments: it is 100% complete in word-initial position, 80% complete in the middle of words beginning with voiced obstruents, 35% complete in the middle of words beginning with approximants or vowels, not quite 20% complete in words beginning with voiceless obstruents, not quite 5% complete in words beginning with nasals, and not attested at all in words beginning with liquids.
Morphology
Although Numbami is phonologically conservative, it retains very little productive morphology, most of it related to person and number marking.
Pronouns and person markers
Free pronouns
Free pronouns occur in the same positions as subject or object nouns. They distinguish three persons and four numbers.
Verbs are marked with subject prefixes that distinguish three persons and two tenses, Nonfuture and Future.
Person
Sing. Nonf.
Plur. Nonf.
Sing. Fut.
Plur. Fut.
1st person inclusive
ta-
tana-
1st person exclusive
wa-
ma-
na-
mana-
2nd person
u-
mu-
nu-
muna-
3rd person
i-
ti-
ni-
ina-
In most cases, subject prefixes are easily segmentable from verb stems, but in a few very high frequency cases, prefix-final vowels merge with verb-initial vowels to yield irregularly inflected forms, as in the following paradigm: wani '1SG-eat', woni '2SG-eat', weni '3SG-eat', tani '1PLINCL-eat', mani '1PLEXCL-eat', moni '2PL-eat', teni '3PL-eat'.
Numerals
Traditional Numbami counting practices started with the digits of the left hand, then continued on the right hand and then the feet, to reach '20', which translates as 'one person'. Higher numbers are multiples of 'one person'. Nowadays, most counting above '5' is done in Tok Pisin. As in other Huon Gulf languages, the short form of the numeral 'one' functions as an indefinite article.
Numeral
Term
Gloss
1
sesemi / te
'one'
2
luwa
'two'
3
toli
'three'
4
wata
'four'
5
nima teula
'hands half/part'
6
nima teula ano sesemi
'hands half right one'
7
nima teula ano luwa
'hands half right two'
8
nima teula ano toli
'hands half right three'
9
nima teula ano wata
'hands half right four'
10
nima besuwa
'hands both/pair'
20
tamota te
'person one'
Names
Like many other Huon Gulf languages, Numbami has a system of birth-order names. The seventh son and sixth daughter are called "No Name": Ase Mou 'name none'.
Birth order
Sons
Daughters
1
Alisa
Kale
2
Aliŋa
Aga
3
Gae
Aya
4
Alu
Damiya
5
Sele
Owiya
6
Dei
Ase Mou
7
Ase Mou
Ideophones
Although many languages have a class of ideophones with distinctive phonology, Numbami is unusual in having a morphological marker for such a class. The suffix -adala is unique to ideophones but is clearly related to the wordandalowa 'path, way, road'. In the following examples, acute accents show the placement of word stress.
bái-andala 'overcast, clouded over'
dendende-ándala 'shivering'
golópu-adala 'slipping or dripping through'
kí-andala 'scorching, parched'
paká-adala 'getting light, flashing on, popping'
pilipíli-adala 'flapping, fluttering'
sí-andala 'shooting up, springing away'
sulúku-adala 'sucking, slurping'
taká-adala 'stuck fast, planted firmly'
tíki-adala 'going dark'
Syntax
Word order
The basic word order in Numbami is SVO, with prepositions, preposed genitives, postposed adjectives and relative clauses. Relative clauses are marked at both ends, and so are some prepositional phrases. Negatives come at the ends of the clauses they negate. There is also a class of deverbal resultatives that follow the main verb.
Possessive vs. attributive genitives
Two kinds of genitive modifiers precede their heads while one type follows its head noun.
Whole-part genitives
Noun-noun phrases denoting wholes and parts occur in the order stated, with the latter serving as head of the phrase: wuwu lau 'betel pepper leaf', tina daba 'headwater', nima daba 'thumb', kapala lalo 'indoors', Buzina bubusu 'Buzina point'.
Possessive genitives
Genitive possessor nouns precede their head nouns, with an intervening possessive marker that distinguishes singular from plural possessors: wuwu na lau 'the leaves of the betel pepper plant; particular betel pepper plant's leaf'; kapala na lalo 'the insides of houses; the inside of a particular house'; Siasi ndi gutu 'the Siassi Islands; islands belonging to a particular group of Siassi people'; bumewe ndi bani 'food typically eaten by whites; food belonging to a particular group of whites'.
Attributive genitives
Attributive genitives resemble possessive genitives except that the modifiers follow their heads, and the "possessors" are nonreferential except in a generic sense, that is, they "never refer to a particular subset of the set they name" : wuwu weni na 'forest betel pepper', wuwu Buzina ndi 'type of betel pepper associated with the Buzina people at Salamaua', walabeŋa tamtamoŋa na 'fish poison, native means of stunning fish', walabeŋa bumewe na 'explosives, European means of stunning fish'.
Verb serialization
is very common in Numbami. Within a serial verb construction, all verbs must agree in tense. Subject choice in successive verbs is severely constrained. Noninitial subjects can only refer to preceding subjects, preceding objects, or preceding events or conditions, and only in that order. Negatives come at the ends of the clauses they negate.
