Ophthalmoscopy
Ophthalmoscopy, also called funduscopy, is a test that allows a health professional to see inside the fundus of the eye and other structures using an ophthalmoscope. It is done as part of an eye examination and may be done as part of a routine physical examination. It is crucial in determining the health of the retina, optic disc, and vitreous humor.
The pupil is a hole through which the eye's interior will be viewed. Opening the pupil wider is a simple and effective way to better see the structures behind it. Therefore, dilation of the pupil is often accomplished with medicated eye drops before funduscopy. However, although dilated fundus examination is ideal, undilated examination is more convenient and is also helpful, and it is the most common type in primary care.
An alternative or complement to ophthalmoscopy is to perform a fundus photography, where the image can be analysed later by a professional.
Types
It is of two major types:| Features | Direct ophthalmoscopy | Indirect ophthalmoscopy |
| Condensing lens | Not Required | Required |
| Examination distance | As close to patient's eye as possible | At an arm's length |
| Image | Virtual, erect | Real, inverted |
| Illumination | Not as bright; not useful in hazy media | Bright; useful for hazy media |
| Area of field in focus | About 2-8 disc diameters | About 8 disc diameters |
| Stereopsis | Absent | Present |
| Accessible fundus view | Slightly beyond equator | Up to Ora serrata i.e. peripheral retina |
| Examination through hazy media | Difficult to not possible | Possible |
Each type of ophthalmoscopy has a special type of ophthalmoscope:
- The
Medical uses
Ophthalmoscopy is done as part of a routine physical or complete eye examination.It is used to detect and evaluate symptoms of various retinal vascular diseases or eye diseases such as glaucoma.In patients with headaches, the finding of swollen optic discs, or papilledema, on ophthalmoscopy is a key sign, as this indicates raised intracranial pressure which could be due to hydrocephalus, benign intracranial hypertension or brain tumor, amongst other conditions. Cupped optic discs are seen in glaucoma.In patients with diabetes mellitus, regular ophthalmoscopic eye examinations are important to screen for diabetic retinopathy as visual loss due to diabetes can be prevented by retinal laser treatment if retinopathy is spotted early.In arterial hypertension, hypertensive changes of the retina closely mimic those in the brain and may predict cerebrovascular accidents.Dilation of the pupil
To allow for better inspection through the pupil, which because of light from the ophthalmoscope, it is often desirable to the pupil by application of a mydriatic agent, for instance tropicamide, or simply reducing the brightness of the ophthalmoscope, which may slightly increase natural mydriasis, allowing a better view of the posterior eye. It is primarily considered ophthalmologist or optometris equipment, but is used by other specialists as well, including neurology and internal medicine. Recent developments like scanning laser ophthalmoscopy can make good quality images through pupils as small as 2 millimeters, so dilating pupils is no longer needed with these devices.History
Dr. William Cumming in 1846 at the Royal London Ophthalmic Hospital, of his pioneering work wrote "every eye could be made luminous if the axis from a source of illumination directed towards a person's eye and the line of vision of the observer were coincident".Although some credit the invention of the ophthalmoscope to Charles Babbage in 1847, it was not until it was independently reinvented by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1851 that its usefulness was recognized - it was to revolutionize ophthalmology.
While training in France, Andreas Anagnostakis, MD, an ophthalmologist from Greece, came up with the idea of making the instrument hand-held by adding a concave mirror. Austin Barnett created a model for Anagnostakis, which he used in his practice and subsequently when presented at the first Ophthalmological Conference in Brussels in 1857, the instrument became very popular among ophthalmologists.
In 1915, Francis A. Welch and William Noah Allyn invented the world's first hand-held direct illuminating ophthalmoscope, precursor to the device now used by clinicians around the world. This refinement and updating of von Helmholtz's invention enabled ophthalmoscopy to become one of the most ubiquitous medical screening techniques in the world today. The company Welch Allyn started as a result of this invention. In the 1970s a new ophthalmoloscope was developed with a larger primary lens allowing a 5x larger field-of-view, called the "Panoptic" or "pan ophthalmoscope".