Pan-Thaiism
Pan-Thaiism is an ideology that flourished in Thailand in the 1930s and 1940s. It was a kind of irredentism and its aim was the political unification of all the Thai people in Thailand, Burma, Malaya, Cambodia and Laos into a greater Thai state.
Prior to the revolution of 1932, which replaced the absolute monarchy with a constitutional one, the Thai government had pursued good relations with the imperial powers, Britain and France, that ruled its neighbours: Burma, Malaya, Cambodia and Laos. Anti-colonial sentiment had been actively discouraged. The military government that came to power in 1938 under Plaek Phibunsongkhram, however, actively sought to restore "lost" territories. The intellectual architect of the new Thai nationalism was Wichit Wathakan. The country officially changed its name from Siam to Thailand. The word "Thai" was interpreted in an idiosyncratic way. It did not refer only to speakers of Thai or Tai, but to all those who had once been under the Ayutthaya and Rattanakosin kingdoms.
During World War II, Thailand was able to take advantage of the defeat of France in Europe to seize territory in Cambodia and Laos in a brief war. Following a Japanese invasion of Thailand, Thailand made common cause with the Japanese and occupied parts of Burma and Malaya. Thai rule was not generally welcomed by the subject populations. In Laos, especially, a counter-irredentism emerged among Lao nationalists who aimed to bring much of northern Thailand under Lao rule. Few of Thailand's new subjects identified as "Thai" in any sense. The war ended in Thailand's defeat and the overthrow of the military government. Thailand returned to its pre-war borders as last adjusted in the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909.
