Papua (province)


Papua is the largest and easternmost province of Indonesia, comprising most of Western New Guinea. It is bordered by the state of Papua New Guinea to the east, the province of West Papua to the west, the Pacific Ocean to the north, and the Arafura Sea to the south. According to the 2010 census by Statistics Indonesia, Papua had a population of 2,833,381, the majority of whom are Christians. The 2015 Intermediate Census revealed a population of 3,143,088, while the latest official estimate is 3,347,100. The province is divided into twenty-eight regencies and one city. Its capital and largest city is Jayapura.
The province was formerly called Irian Jaya and comprised the entire Western New Guinea until the inauguration of the province of West Papua in 2001. In 2002, Papua adopted its current name and was granted a special autonomous status by the Indonesian legislation. Puncak Jaya is the province's highest mountain as well as the highest point of Indonesia.

History

Indonesia proclaimed its independence in 1945 and claimed all of the territory of the former Dutch East Indies, including Western New Guinea. However, the region was retained by the Netherlands until the mid-1960s, which caused Indonesia to repeatedly launch military operations there. It was agreed through the New York Agreement in 1962 that the administration of Western New Guinea would be temporarily transferred from the Netherlands to Indonesia and that by 1969 the United Nations should oversee a referendum of the Papuan people, in which they would be given two options: to remain part of Indonesia or to become an independent nation. This vote was referred to as the Act of Free Choice. The referendum was recognised by the international community and the region became the Indonesian province of Irian Jaya. The province has been renamed as Papua since 2002.
In January 2003 President Megawati Sukarnoputri signed an order dividing Papua into three provinces: Central Irian Jaya, Papua, and West Papua. The formality of installing a local government for Jaraka in Irian Jaya Barat took place in February 2003 and a governor was appointed in November; a government for Irian Jaya Tengah was delayed from August 2003 due to violent local protests. The creation of this separate Central Irian Jaya Province was blocked by Indonesian courts, who declared it to be unconstitutional and in contravention of the Papua's special autonomy agreement. The previous division into two provinces was allowed to stand as an established fact.

Government

The province of Papua is governed by a directly elected governor and a regional legislature, People's Representative Council of province of Papua. A government organisation that only exists in Papua is the Papuan People's Council, which was formed by the Indonesian Government in 2005 as a coalition of Papuan tribal chiefs, tasked with arbitration and speaking on behalf of Papuan tribal customs.
The province of Papua is one of three provinces to have obtained special autonomy status, the others being Aceh and West Papua. According to Law 21/2001 on Special Autonomy Status , the provincial government of Papua is provided with authority within all sectors of administration, except for the five strategic areas of foreign affairs, security and defense, monetary and fiscal affairs, religion and justice. The provincial government is authorised to issue local regulations to further stipulate the implementation of the special autonomy, including regulating the authority of districts and municipalities within the province. Due to its special autonomy status, Papua province is provided with significant amount of special autonomy funds, which can be used to benefit its indigenous peoples. But the province has low fiscal capacity and it is highly dependent on unconditional transfers and the above-mentioned special autonomy fund, which accounted for about 55% of total revenues in 2008.
After obtaining its special autonomy status, in order to allow the local population access to timber production benefits, the Papuan provincial government issued a number of decrees, enabling:
As of 2010, the residual Papua Province consisted of 28 regencies and one autonomous city ; these regencies and the city are together subdivided as at 2018 into 560 districts, and thence into 5,521 "villages". In Papua, as well as in the province of West Papua, kecamatan are commonly referred to as distrik.
The regencies and the city are listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census and thw 2015 Intermediate Census.
NameArea Population
Estimate 2005		Population
Census 2010		Population
Census 2015		CapitalNumber of
Districts		Number of
Villages		HDI
Asmat Regency31,983.6961,64276,57788,373Agats192210.493
Boven Digoel Regency27,108.00*55,78462,862Tanah Merah201120.608
Mappi Regency24,118.0065,21981,65891,657Kepi151640.577
Merauke Regency44,071.00154,310195,716216,271Merauke201900.693
Southern group'''
Biak Numfor Regency2,602.0099,204126,798138,790Biak192680.719
Deiyai Regency537.39#62,11969,290Tigi5670.495
Dogiyai Regency4,237.40#84,23092,048Kigamani10790.544
Intan Jaya Regency3,922.02#40,49045,846Sugapa8970.465
Kepulauan Yapen Regency
2,050.0070,20182,95191,240Serui161650.670
Mimika Regency21,633.00126,344182,001201,300Timika181520.731
Nabire Regency11,112.61159,548129,893139,921Nabire15810.677
Paniai Regency6,525.25111,412153,432164,008Enarotali232210.558
Supiori Regency678.3212,15215,87418,222Sorendiweri5380.618
Waropen Regency10,977.0921,18124,63928,444Botawa111000.648
Western group'''
Jayapura City935.92197,396256,705282,766Jayapura City5390.795
Jayapura Regency11,157.1590,972111,943121,163Sentani191440.712
Jayawijaya Regency7,030.66207,480196,085206,133Wamena403320.568
Keerom Regency8,390.0037,04848,53653,612Waris11910.657
Lanny Jaya Regency2,248.00#148,522172,438Tiom393550.473
Mamberamo Raya Regency
23,813.91#18,36521,301Burmeso8600.512
Mamberamo Tengah Regency
1,275.00#39,53746,198Kobakma5590.464
Nduga Regency2,168.00#79,05393,862Kenyam322480.294
Pegunungan Bintang Regency
15,682.0086,97965,43471,608Oksibil342770.442
Puncak Regency8,055.00#93,218103,342Ilaga252060.380
Puncak Jaya Regency4,989.51111,488101,148114,978Mulia263050.443
Sarmi Regency17,742.0031,50032,97136,714Sarmi10940.604
Tolikara Regency5,588.1344,100114,427130,862Karubaga465450.488
Yahukimo Regency17,152.00134,702164,512181,139Dekai515110.485
Yalimo Regency1,253.00#50,76358,700Elelim53000.471

Provincial decentralisation history

In 2000, the present area of Papua Province originally consisted of nine regencies:
On 12 November 2002, the following nine additional regencies were created:
On 8 January 2004, Supiori Regency was split from Biak Numfor Regency, bringing the total number of diregencies to nineteen.
On 15 March 2007, under Law No. 19/2007, the following two regencies were created:
On 4 January 2008, five other new regencies were created by Home Affairs Minister Mardiyanto who also installed five temporary regents. These five new regencies were:
Within 2008, Intan Jaya and Deiyai Regencies were split from Paniai Regency.

Proposed new regencies, cities and provinces

On 25 October 2013 the Indonesian House of Representatives began reviewing draft laws on the establishment of 57 prospective regencies/cities. This included two new provinces to be formed from parts of the existing Papua Province, as well as the creation of seventeen new regencies and two new cities. The new regencies will be:
And the new cities will be the municipalities of:
The two new provinces from parts of the existing Papua province have recently been approved by Indonesia's House of Representatives:
Another new province, to be split from West Papua, will be Southwest Papua.

South Papua

The proposed South Papua Province would cover an area of which is rich in natural resources. It will encompass four existing regencies:
And will thus equate closely to the original Merauke Regency prior to the splitting of that entity in 2002. Within the existing regencies, new regencies to be added are the following:
And a new municipality of Merauke City. Following a visit to Papua by Joko Widodo in 2019, Minister of Home Affairs Tito Karnavian reported that the split have been discussed with and was accepted by Papua'a governor Lukas Enembe.

Central Papua

According to a 20 January 2012 report in the Cenderawasih Pos Jakarta, the central government is moving forward with the creation of "Central Papua". At that time it was envisaged that the new province would comprise ten existing regencies:
The new Central Papua Province, and the residual Papua Province, would together include the new regencies.
First of, for the residual Papua Province:
And a new municipality of Lembah Baliem
And for the new Central Papua Province:
The city of Jayapura also has the status of an autonomous city, equal to a regency. It was founded on 7 March 1910 as Hollandia and is the capital. Since Indonesian administration the name of the city has been changed to Kotabaru, then to Sukarnopura before its current name, Jayapura. Jayapura is also the largest city of Papua Province, with a small but active tourism industry. It is built on a slope overlooking the bay. Cenderawasih University campus at Abepura houses the University Museum where some of the Asmat artifacts collected by Michael Rockefeller are stored. Both Tanjung Ria beach, near the market at Hamadi – site of 22 April 1944 Allied invasion during World War II – and the site of General Douglas MacArthur's World War II headquarters at Ifar Gunung have monuments commemorating the events.

Geography

A central east–west mountain range dominates the geography of the island of New Guinea, over in total length. The western section is around long and across. The province contains the highest mountains between the Himalayas and the Andes, rising up to high, and ensuring a steady supply of rain from the tropical atmosphere. The tree line is around elevation and the tallest peaks contain permanent equatorial glaciers, increasingly melting due to a changing climate. Various other smaller mountain ranges occur both north and west of the central ranges. Except in high elevations, most areas possess a hot, humid climate throughout the year, with some seasonal variation associated with the northeast monsoon season.
The southern and northern lowlands stretch for hundreds of kilometres and include lowland rainforests, extensive wetlands, savanna grasslands, and expanses of mangrove forest. The southern lowlands are the site of Lorentz National Park, also a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The province's largest river is the Mamberamo located in the northern part of the province. The result is a large area of lakes and rivers known as the Lakes Plains region. The Baliem Valley, home of the Dani people, is a tableland above sea level in the midst of the central mountain range. Puncak Jaya, also known by its Dutch colonial name, "Carstensz Pyramid", is a limestone mountain peak above sea level. It is the highest peak of Oceania.

Demographics

Papua province has a fertility rate of 2.9 children per woman The population grew from the 1.94 million recorded in the 2000 Indonesia Census, to 2.83 million as recorded by the 2010 Census, and is officially estimated to be at about 3,347,100 in mid 2019. From the early 1990s until the mid 2010s, Papua had the highest population growth rate of all Indonesian provinces at over 3% annually. This was partly a result of birth rates, but mainly due to migration from other parts of Indonesia. An overwhelming percentage of these migrants came as part of a government-sponsored transmigration program.
The densest population center, other than the large coastal cities that house Indonesian bureaucratic and commercial apparatus, is located in and around the town of Wamena in the Baliem Valley of the Central Highlands.

Ethnic groups

The following are some of the most well-known ethnic groups of Papua:
The Yei are sometimes known as the Jei, Je, Yei-nan people.
There are approximately 2,500 speakers of the Yei language. 40% Ethno Religionists- animistic tribal religion 60% Catholics and other Christians :
The Yei language is believed to have two dialects observed by a Wycliffe, SIL language survey in 2001. At home the Yei people speak their own language but use Indonesian for trade, wider communication and at school. Most Yei are literate in Indonesian.
There are elementary schools in each village. About 10–30% of children continue in middle school. Very few go to high school.
The nearest high school is in Merauke city.
They live primarily by hunting, fishing, and gardening short and long term crops in the lowlands. The Yei diet mainly consists of rice, vegetables, fish and roasted sago.
With their land at an altitude of less than 100 meters above sea level, the Yei people can best be accessed by vehicle on the road from Merauke or by motorized canoe up the Maro River. There is no airstrip or airplane access other than float plane which is currently available from Merauke through MAF by about a 15-minute flight to Toray.
The Poo and Bupul villages have a clinic but people still use traditional medicines.
There is very little infrastructure in the area: no telephones or toilets. At night electricity is run from a generator. There are single side-band radios in Bupul, Tanas, Poo, and Erambu villages, mainly used by the police and military force. Most villages get their drinking water from the Maro River, but some get it from wells or by collecting rain.

Religion

According to the 2010 census, 83.15% of the Papuans identified themselves as Christian with 65.48% being Protestant and 17.67% being Roman Catholic. 15.88% of the population was Muslim and less than 1% were Buddhist or Hindu. There is also substantial practice of animism, the traditional religion for many Papuans, with many blending animistic beliefs with other religions such as Christianity.

Economy

In 2011, Papuan caretaker governor Syamsul Arief Rivai claimed Papua's forests cover 42 million hectares with an estimated worth of Rp.700 trillion and that if the forests were managed properly and sustainably, they could produce over 500 million cubic meters of logs per annum.
The Grasberg Mine, the world's largest gold mine and third largest copper mine, is located in the highlands near Puncak Jaya, the highest mountain in Papua.

Ecology

The island has an estimated 16,000 species of plant, 124 genera of which are endemic. Papua's known forest fauna includes; marsupials ; other mammals ; bird species such as birds-of-paradise, cassowaries, parrots, and cockatoos; the world's longest lizards ; and the world's largest butterflies.
The waterways and wetlands of Papua are also home to salt and freshwater crocodile, tree monitors, flying foxes, osprey, bats and other animals; while the equatorial glacier fields remain largely unexplored.
Protected areas within Papua province include the World Heritage Lorentz National Park, and the Wasur National Park, a Ramsar wetland of international importance.
In February 2006, a team of scientists exploring the Foja Mountains, Sarmi, discovered new species of birds, butterflies, amphibians, and plants, including possibly the largest-flowered species of rhododendron.
Ecological threats include logging-induced deforestation, forest conversion for plantation agriculture, smallholder agricultural conversion, the introduction and potential spread of alien species such as the crab-eating macaque which preys on and competes with indigenous species, the illegal species trade, and water pollution from oil and mining operations.