The pavane, pavan, paven, pavin, pavian, pavine, or pavyn is a slow processional dance common in Europe during the 16th century. The pavane, the earliest-known music for which was published in Venice by Ottaviano Petrucci, in Joan Ambrosio Dalza's Intabolatura de lauto libro quarto in 1508, is a sedate and dignified couple dance, similar to the 15th-century basse danse. The music which accompanied it appears originally to have been fast or moderately fast but, like many other dances, became slower over time.
Origin of term
The word pavane is most probably derived from Italian " Padovana",, meaning " typical of Padua" ; "pavan" is a dialectal/old form for the modern Italian adjective "padovano". This origin is consistent with the equivalent form, "Paduana". An alternative explanation is that it derives from the Spanish pavón meaning peacock. Although the dance is often associated with Spain, it was "almost certainly of Italian origin".
History
The decorous sweep of the pavane suited the new more sober Spanish-influenced courtly manners of 16th century Italy. It appears in dance manuals in England, France, and Italy. The pavane's popularity was from roughly 1530 to 1676, though, as a dance, it was already dying out by the late 16th century. As a musical form, the pavan survived long after the dance itself was abandoned, and well into the Baroque period, when it finally gave way to the allemande/courante sequence.
Music
Slow duple metre by the late 16th century, though there is evidence that it was still a fast dance as late as the mid-16th century, and there are also examples of triple-time pavans from Spain, Italy, and England.
Two strains of eight, twelve, or sixteen bars each.
Accent generally comes on the third beat with a secondary accent on the 1st beat though some Pavans place the accent on the first beat with the secondary accent falling on the third.
Often accompanied by a tabor according to in a rhythmic pattern of minim–crotchet–crotchet or similar.
This dance was generally paired with the Galliard.
Usually no florid or running passages in instrumental ensemble settings, but pavans for solo instruments usually included written-out repeat sections with variations.
Dance
In Thoinot Arbeau's French dance manual, it is generally a dance for many couples in procession, with the dancers sometimes throwing in ornamentation of the steps. The Dictionnaire de Trevoux describes the dance as being a "grave kind of dance, borrowed from the Spaniards, wherein the performers make a kind of wheel or tail before each other, like that of a peacock, whence the name." It was usually used by regents to open grand ceremonies and to display their royal attire. Before dancing, the performers saluted the King and Queen whilst circling the room. The steps were called advancing and retreating. Retreating gentlemen would lead their ladies by the hand and, after curtsies and steps, the gentlemen would regain their places. Next, a lone gentleman advanced and went en se pavanant to salute the lady opposite him. After taking backward steps, he would return to his place, bowing to his lady.
Modern use
The step used in the pavane survives to the modern day in the hesitation step sometimes used at weddings. More recent works titled "pavane" often have a deliberately archaic mood. Examples include:
The classical composition Pavane pour une infante défunte by Maurice Ravel.
The third part of the Piano Suite No. 2 Op. 10, by George Enescu
The first part of Maurice Ravel's Ma mère l'oye suite, entitled "Pavane for the Sleeping Beauty", covered by Joe Walsh on his album So What.
The Pavanne for a Dead Princess, a jazz version of Maurice Ravel's composition by Art Farmer and Jim Hall released on the album Big Blues
The "Pavane of the Sons of the Morning" that closes scene 7 of , a ballet composed by Ralph Vaughan Williams in 1930 and first staged in 1931.
"Pavane, the Girl with the Flaxen Hair", a dramatic script written and directed by Wyllis Cooper, inspired in part by Debussy's composition, for the old-time radio series Quiet Please.
The Moor's Pavane, a ballet choreographed by José Limón.
"A Sad Pavan for These Distracted Times" is part IX of Vladimír Godár's "Querela Pacis" oratorio. Thomas Tomkins composed a piece with the same name in 1649.Sir Peter Maxwell Davies composed one also, in 2004. The 'distracted times' refer to the execution of British king Charles I.
Eric Clapton released an acoustic demo song on his Facebook Page on September 30, 2014: "Pavane for Jay A" as an homage to skateboard pioneer Jay Adams, who died Friday August 15, 2014 at age 53.
