Phase-change material


A phase change material is a substance which releases/absorbs sufficient energy at phase transition to provide useful heat/cooling. Generally the transition will be from one of the first two fundamental states of matter - solid and liquid - to the other. The phase transition may also be between non-classical states of matter, such as the conformity of crystals, where the material goes from conforming to one crystalline structure to conforming to another, which may be a higher or lower energy state.
The energy released/absorbed by phase transition from solid to liquid, or vice versa, the heat of fusion is generally much higher than the sensible heat. Ice, for example, requires 333.55 J/g to melt, but then water will rise one degree further with the addition of just 4.18 J/g. Water/ice is therefore a very useful phase change material and has been used to store winter cold to cool buildings in summer since at least the time of the Achaemenid Empire.
By melting and solidifying at the phase change temperature, a PCM is capable of storing and releasing large amounts of energy compared to sensible heat storage. Heat is absorbed or released when the material changes from solid to liquid and vice versa or when the internal structure of the material changes; PCMs are accordingly referred to as latent heat storage materials.
There are two principal classes of phase change material: organic materials derived either from petroleum, from plants or from animals; and salt hydrates, which generally either use natural salts from the sea or from mineral deposits or are by-products of other processes. A third class is solid to solid phase change.
PCMs are used in many different commercial applications where energy storage and/or stable temperatures are required, including, among others, heating pads, cooling for telephone switching boxes, and clothing.
By far the biggest potential market is for building heating and cooling. PCMs are currently attracting a lot of attention for this application due to the progressive reduction in the cost of renewable electricity, coupled with limited hours of availability, resulting in a misfit between peak demand and availability of supply. In North America, China, Japan, Australia, Southern Europe and other developed countries with hot summers peak supply is at midday while peak demand is from around 17:00 to 20:00. This creates a lot of demand for storage media.
Solid-liquid phase change materials are usually encapsulated for installation in the end application, to contain in the liquid state. In some applications, especially when incorporation to textiles is required, phase change materials are micro-encapsulated. Micro-encapsulation allows the material to remain solid, in the form of small bubbles, when the PCM core has melted.

Characteristics and classification

Latent heat storage can be achieved through changes in the State of matter from liquid→solid, solid→liquid, solid→gas and liquid→gas. However, only solid→liquid and liquid→solid phase changes are practical for PCMs. Although liquid–gas transitions have a higher heat of transformation than solid–liquid transitions, liquid→gas phase changes are impractical for thermal storage because large volumes or high pressures are required to store the materials in their gas phase. Solid–solid phase changes are typically very slow and have a relatively low heat of transformation.
Initially, solid–liquid PCMs behave like sensible heat storage materials; their temperature rises as they absorb heat. Unlike conventional SHS materials, however, when PCMs reach their phase change temperature they absorb large amounts of heat at an almost constant temperature until all the material is melted. When the ambient temperature around a liquid material falls, the PCM solidifies, releasing its stored latent heat. A large number of PCMs are available in any required temperature range from −5 up to 190 °C. Within the human comfort range between 20–30 °C, some PCMs are very effective, storing over 200 kJ/kg of latent heat, as against a specific heat capacity of around one kJ/kg.°C for masonry. The storage density can therefore be 200 times greater or more than masonry per kg if an exact temperature is required. If a temperature variance of, say, 4°C can be allowed, the density is 50 times greater. The specific heat capacity of water is much higher at 4.2, so the storage density of the posited PCM ranges between 50 and 12.5 times that of water.

Organic PCMs

Hydrocarbons, primarily paraffins and lipids but also one sugar alcohol.
Salt hydrates
Many natural building materials are hygroscopic, that is they can absorb and release water. The process is thus:
Whilst this process liberates a small quantity of energy, large surfaces area allows significant heating or cooling in buildings. The corresponding materials are wool insulation and earth/clay render finishes.

Solid-solid PCM materials

A specialised group of PCMs that undergo a solid/solid phase transition with the associated absorption and release of large amounts of heat. These materials change their crystalline structure from one lattice configuration to another at a fixed and well-defined temperature, and the transformation can involve latent heats comparable to the most effective solid/liquid PCMs. Such materials are useful because, unlike solid/liquid PCMs, they do not require nucleation to prevent supercooling. Additionally, because it is a solid/solid phase change, there is no visible change in the appearance of the PCM, and there are no problems associated with handling liquids, e.g. containment, potential leakage, etc. Currently the temperature range of solid-solid PCM solutions spans from -50 °C up to +175 °C.

Selection criteria

The phase change material should possess the following thermodynamic properties:

Common PCMs

MaterialOrganic
PCM		Melting
point, Tm		Heat of
fusion, ΔHfus
kJ/kg		Heat of
fusion, ΔHfus
MJ/m3		Specific
heat, cp
solid
kJ/kg·K		Specific
heat, cp
liquid
kJ/kg·K		Density, ρ
solid
kg/m3		Density, ρ
liquid
kg/m3		Thermal
conductivity, k
solid
W/m·K		Thermal
conductivity, k
liquid
W/m·K		VHC
solid
kJ/m3·K		VHC
liquid
kJ/m3·K		Thermal
effusivity, e
solid
J/m2·K·s1/2		Cost
USD/kg
Water1.6-2.22-
Sodium sulfate -
NaCl·Na2SO4·10H2O-
Lauric acid-
TME / H2O-
Mn2·6H2O / MnCl2·4H2O-
Na2SiO3·5H2O0.103−0.128-
Aluminium?-
Copper?-
Gold-
Iron-
Lead-
Lithium-
Silver-
Titanium-
Zinc-
-
-
NaOH-
-
KOH-
NaOH / -
NaCl / NaOH-
NaCl / KCL / LiCl-
NaCl / / -
NaCl / -
NaCl / -
NaCl / KCl / -
/ -
/ KCl-
/ KBr / KCl-
Paraffin 14-Carbons
Paraffin 15-Carbons
Paraffin 16-Carbons
Paraffin 17-Carbons
Paraffin 18-Carbons
Paraffin 19-Carbons
Paraffin 20-Carbons
Paraffin 21-Carbons
Paraffin 22-Carbons
Paraffin 23-Carbons
Paraffin 24-Carbons
Paraffin 25-Carbons
Paraffin 26-Carbons
Paraffin 27-Carbons
Paraffin 28-Carbons
Paraffin 29-Carbons
Paraffin 30-Carbons
Paraffin 31-Carbons
Paraffin 32-Carbons
Paraffin 33-Carbons
Paraffin 34-Carbons
Formic acid
Caprilic acid
Glycerin
p-Lattic acid
Methyl palmitate
Camphenilone
Docasyl bromide
Caprylone
Phenol
Heptadecanone
1-Cyclohexylooctadecane
4-Heptadacanone
p-Joluidine
Cyanamide
Methyl eicosanate
3-Heptadecanone
2-Heptadecanone
Hydrocinnamic acid
Cetyl acid
a-Nepthylamine
Camphene
O-Nitroaniline
9-Heptadecanone
Thymol
Methyl behenate
Diphenyl amine
p-Dichlorobenzene
Oxolate
Hypophosphoric acid
O-Xylene dichloride
ß-Chloroacetic acid
Chloroacetic acid
Nitro napthalene
Trimyristin
Heptaudecanoic acid
a-Chloroacetic acid
Bees wax
Glyolic acid
Glycolic acid
p-Bromophenol
Azobenzene
Acrylic acid
Dinto toluent
Phenylacetic acid
Thiosinamine
Bromcamphor
Durene
Methyl bromobenzoate
Alpha napthol
Glautaric acid
p-Xylene dichloride
Catechol
Quinone
Actanilide
Succinic anhydride
Benzoic acid
Stibene
Benzamide
Acetic acid
Polyethylene glycol 600
Capric acid
Eladic acid
Pentadecanoic acid
Tristearin
Myristic acid
Palmatic acid
Stearic acid
Acetamide
Methyl fumarate

Volumetric heat capacity J·m−3·K−1
Thermal inertia = Thermal effusivity J·m−2·K−1·s−1/2

Commercially available PCMs

MaterialSupplierTypeFormMelting
point, Tm		Heat of
fusion, ΔHfus
kJ/kg		Density, ρ
solid
kg/m3		Density, ρ
liquid
kg/m3		Thermal
conductivity, k
solid
W/m·K		Thermal
conductivity, k
liquid
W/m·K		Specific heat, cp
solid
kJ/kg·K		Specific heat, cp
liquid
kJ/kg·K
CrodaTherm™ -22CrodaBio-based OrganicBulk-22.0 °C
-7.6 °F		157903887
CrodaTherm™ 5CrodaBio-based OrganicBulk5.0 °C
41.0 °F
41 °F		191870924
CrodaTherm™ 6.5CrodaBio-based OrganicBulk6.5 °C
43.7 °F		184857921
CrodaTherm™ 9.5CrodaBio-based OrganicBulk9.5 °C
49.1 °F		186858963
CrodaTherm™ 15CrodaBio-based OrganicBulk15.0 °C
59.0 °F		177859896
CrodaTherm™ 19CrodaBio-based OrganicBulk19.0 °C
66.2 °F		175854
CrodaTherm™ 21CrodaBio-based OrganicBulk21.0 °C
69.8 °F		190850891
CrodaTherm™ 24CrodaBio-based OrganicBulk24.0 °C
75.2 °F		183842949
CrodaTherm™ 24WCrodaBio-based OrganicBulk24.0 °C
75.2 °F		184842
CrodaTherm™ 29CrodaBio-based OrganicBulk29.0 °C
84.2 °F		207851917
CrodaTherm™ 32CrodaBio-based OrganicBulk32.0 °C
89.6 °F		190836916
CrodaTherm™ 37CrodaBio-based OrganicBulk37.0 °C
98.6 °F		204841957
CrodaTherm™ 53CrodaBio-based OrganicBulk53.0 °C
127.4 °F		226829904
CrodaTherm™ 60CrodaBio-based OrganicBulk60.0 °C
140.0 °F		217
CrodaTherm™ ME29PCrodaBio-based OrganicMicro-encapsulated Powder29.4 °C
84.9 °F		183
CrodaTherm™ ME29DCrodaBio-based OrganicMicro-encapsulated Dispersion 50% w/w29.4 °C
84.9 °F		183
0100- Q-50 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-230900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0100- Q-45 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-230900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0100- Q-40 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-230900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0100- Q-35 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-230900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0100- Q-30 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-230900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0100- Q-27 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-230900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0100- Q-25 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-230900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0100- Q-22 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-230900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0100- Q-20 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-230900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0100- Q-15 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-230900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0100- Q-10 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-230900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0100- Q-05 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-230900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0200- Q1 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated3259109801.10.584.24.1
0200- Q2 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-230900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0200- Q4 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-230900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0200- Q5 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-230900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0200- Q6 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-230900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0200- Q8 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-230900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0300- Q10 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-230900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0300- Q12 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-230900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0300- Q14 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-230900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0400- Q15 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-230900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0400- Q16 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-230900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0400- Q17 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-230900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0400- Q18 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-235900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0400- Q19 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-235900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0400- Q20 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-230900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0400- Q21 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-235900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0400- Q22 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-235900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0400- Q23 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-235900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0400- Q24 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-230900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0400- Q25 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-235900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0400- Q26 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-235900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0500- Q27 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-230900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0500- Q28 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-230900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0500- Q29 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-230900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0500- Q30 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-230900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0500- Q32 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-230900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0500- Q35 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-230900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0500- Q37 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-230900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0500- Q40 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-230900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0500- Q42 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-230900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0500- Q45 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-230900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0500- Q50 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-230900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0500- Q52 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-230900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0500- Q54 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-230900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0500- Q56 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-230900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0500- Q58 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-230900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0500- Q62 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-230900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0500- Q65 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-230900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0500- Q68 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-235900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0500- Q70 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-230900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0500- Q72 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-230900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0500- Q76 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-230900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0500- Q79 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-230900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0500- Q82 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-240900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0500- Q85 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-240900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0500- Q87 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-240900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0500- Q89 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-240900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0500- Q91 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-240900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0500- Q93 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-240900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0500- Q95 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-240900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0500- Q97 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-240900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0500- Q99 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-240900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
0500- Q100 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-240900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
1000- Q105 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-240900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
1000- Q110 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-240900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
1000- Q114 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-240900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
1000- Q120 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-240900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
1000- Q125 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-240900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
1000- Q129 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated200-240900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
1000- Q134 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated220-250900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
1000- Q140 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated220-250900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
1000- Q144 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated220-250900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
1000- Q148 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated220-250900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
1000- Q152 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated220-250900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
1000- Q155 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated220-250900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
1000- Q159 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated220-280900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
1000- Q161 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated220-280900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
1000- Q169 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated220-280900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
1000- Q175 BioPCMPhase Change
Energy Solutions		Functionalized BioPCMBulk, Macro-encapsulated220-280900-1250850-13000.25-2.50.2-0.72.5-4.52.3-4.1
18 C⁰ Infinite RInsolcorpInorganicMacro-encapsulated20015400.541.093.14
21 C⁰ Infinite RInsolcorpInorganicMacro-encapsulated20015400.541.093.14
23 C⁰ Infinite RInsolcorpInorganicMacro-encapsulated20015400.541.093.14
25 C⁰ Infinite RInsolcorpInorganicMacro-encapsulated20015400.541.093.14
29 C⁰ Infinite RInsolcorpInorganicMacro-encapsulated20015400.541.093.14
savE HS 33NPlussInorganicBulk2241425
savE HS 26NPlussInorganicBulk22212003.6
savE HS 23NPlussInorganicBulk21011400.74.93.4
savE HS 18NPlussInorganicBulk24210950.44
savE HS 15NPlussInorganicBulk28010700.535.263.4
savE HS 10NPlussInorganicBulk23011250.604.250.96
savE HS 7NPlussInorganicBulk23011200.551.763.2
savE HS 01PlussInorganicBulk29010100.552.23.9
savE OM 03PlussOrganicBulk2408350.1460.223
savE FS 03PlussOrganicBulk2140.16
savE OM 05PlussOrganicBulk1308450.1350.32.37
savE FS 05PlussOrganicBulk1100.134
savE OM 08PlussOrganicBulk22010500.1680.2353.1
savE OM 11PlussOrganicBulk24010600.1180.235
savE OM 21PlussOrganicBulk2509240.140.212.6
savE FS 21PlussOrganicBulk1300.3
savE HS 21PlussInorganicBulk18514000.590.823.4
savE HS 22PlussInorganicBulk18515400.561.133.04
savE HS 24PlussInorganicBulk18515100.551.052.3
savE HS 29PlussInorganicBulk19015300.3820.4782.3
savE OM 29PlussOrganicBulk2298700.1720.2933.9
savE FS 29PlussOrganicBulk1890.45
savE OM 30PlussOrganicBulk2008780.1230.1852.6
savE FS 30PlussOrganicBulk1700.496
savE OM 32PlussOrganicBulk2008700.1450.219
savE HS 34PlussInorganicBulk15018500.470.52.4
savE OM 35PlussOrganicBulk1978700.160.2
savE OM 37PlussOrganicBulk2108600.130.16
savE OM 46PlussOrganicBulk2508800.10.2
savE OM 48PlussOrganicBulk2758750.120.2
savE OM 50PlussOrganicBulk2508500.140.213.05
savE OM 55PlussOrganicBulk2108400.10.163.05
savE OM 65PlussOrganicBulk1839240.330.192.38
savE FSM 65PlussOrganicBulk1508450.25
savE HS 89PlussInorganicBulk1801630
PureTemp -37PureTemp LLCOrganicBulk1478801.39
PureTemp -23PureTemp LLCOrganicBulk1458602.11
PureTemp -21PureTemp LLCOrganicBulk24010601.83
PureTemp -17PureTemp LLCOrganicBulk1458601.74
PureTemp -15PureTemp LLCOrganicBulk28610301.84
PureTemp -12PureTemp LLCOrganicBulk1688701.86
PureTemp -2PureTemp LLCOrganicBulk1508601.66
PureTemp 1PureTemp LLCOrganicBulk30010002.32
PureTemp 4PureTemp LLCOrganicBulk1878802.26
PureTemp 6PureTemp LLCOrganicBulk1708601.56
PureTemp 8PureTemp LLCOrganicBulk1808601.85
PureTemp 12PureTemp LLCOrganicBulk1858601.76
PureTemp 15PureTemp LLCOrganicBulk1658602.25
PureTemp 18PureTemp LLCOrganicBulk1898601.47
PureTemp 20PureTemp LLCOrganicBulk1808602.59
PureTemp 23PureTemp LLCOrganicBulk2038301.84
PureTemp 24PureTemp LLCOrganicBulk1858602.85
PureTemp 25PureTemp LLCOrganicBulk1858601.99
PureTemp 27PureTemp LLCOrganicBulk2008602.46
PureTemp 28PureTemp LLCOrganicBulk2058602.34
PureTemp 29PureTemp LLCOrganicBulk1898501.77
PureTemp 33PureTemp LLCOrganicBulk1858502.34
PureTemp 35PureTemp LLCOrganicBulk1808502.44
PureTemp 37PureTemp LLCOrganicBulk2228402.21
PureTemp 48PureTemp LLCOrganicBulk2458202.1
PureTemp 53PureTemp LLCOrganicBulk2259902.36
PureTemp 58PureTemp LLCOrganicBulk2378102.47
PureTemp 60PureTemp LLCOrganicBulk2308702.04
PureTemp 63PureTemp LLCOrganicBulk1998401.99
PureTemp 68PureTemp LLCOrganicBulk1988701.85
PureTemp 108PureTemp LLCOrganicBulk180800
PureTemp 151PureTemp LLCOrganicBulk17013602.06
Astorstat HA 17HoneywellOrganicBulk
Astorstat HA 18HoneywellOrganicBulk
RT26Rubitherm GmbHOrganicBulk232
RT27Rubitherm GmbHOrganicBulk206
Climsel C -21ClimatorInorganicBulk28813000.63.6
Climsel C -18ClimatorInorganicBulk28813000.63.6
Climsel C 7ClimatorInorganicBulk12614000.63.6
Climsel C 10ClimatorInorganicBulk12614000.63.6
Climsel C 21ClimatorInorganicBulk11213800.63.6
Climsel C24ClimatorInorganicBulk151.313800.63.6
Climsel C28ClimatorInorganicBulk162.314200.63.6
Climsel C32ClimatorInorganicBulk162.314200.63.6
Climsel C48ClimatorInorganicBulk18013600.63.6
Climsel C58ClimatorInorganicBulk288.514600.61.89
Climsel C70ClimatorInorganicBulk282.914000.63.6
STL27Mitsubishi ChemicalsInorganicBulk213
S27CristopiaInorganicBulk207
TH 29TEAPInorganicBulk188
RT 20Rubitherm GmbHOrganicBulk172
Climsel C23ClimatorInorganicBulk14832--
RT 26Rubitherm GmbHOrganicBulk131
RT 30Rubitherm GmbHOrganicBulk206
RT 32Rubitherm GmbHOrganicBulk130
DS 5000MicronalMicro-encapsulated45
DS 5007MicronalMicro-encapsulated41
DS 5030MicronalMicro-encapsulated37
DS 5001MicronalMicro-encapsulated110
DS 5008MicronalMicro-encapsulated100
DS 5029MicronalMicro-encapsulated90
RT -9 HCRubitherm GmbHOrganicBulk260
RT -4Rubitherm GmbHOrganicBulk179
RT 0Rubitherm GmbHOrganicBulk225
RT 2 HCRubitherm GmbHOrganicBulk205
RT 3Rubitherm GmbHOrganicBulk198
RT 3 HCRubitherm GmbHOrganicBulk250
RT 4Rubitherm GmbHOrganicBulk182
RT 5Rubitherm GmbHOrganicBulk180
RT 5 HCRubitherm GmbHOrganicBulk240
RT 6Rubitherm GmbHOrganicBulk175
RT 8Rubitherm GmbHOrganicBulk180
RT 9Rubitherm GmbHOrganicBulk160
RT 10Rubitherm GmbHOrganicBulk150
RT 10 HCRubitherm GmbHOrganicBulk195
RT 11 HCRubitherm GmbHOrganicBulk190
RT 12Rubitherm GmbHOrganicBulk150
RT 15Rubitherm GmbHOrganicBulk140
RT 18 HCRubitherm GmbHOrganicBulk250
RT 21Rubitherm GmbHOrganicBulk160
RT 21 HCRubitherm GmbHOrganicBulk190
RT 22 HCRubitherm GmbHOrganicBulk200
RT 24Rubitherm GmbHOrganicBulk150
RT 25Rubitherm GmbHOrganicBulk148
RT 25 HCRubitherm GmbHOrganicBulk230
RT 27Rubitherm GmbHOrganicBulk179
RT 28 HCRubitherm GmbHOrganicBulk245
RT 31Rubitherm GmbHOrganicBulk170
RT 35Rubitherm GmbHOrganicBulk170
RT 35 HCRubitherm GmbHOrganicBulk240
RT 42Rubitherm GmbHOrganicBulk174
RT 44 HCRubitherm GmbHOrganicBulk255
RT 47Rubitherm GmbHOrganicBulk170
RT 50Rubitherm GmbHOrganicBulk168
RT 52Rubitherm GmbHOrganicBulk173
RT 55Rubitherm GmbHOrganicBulk172
RT 58Rubitherm GmbHOrganicBulk160
RT 60Rubitherm GmbHOrganicBulk144
RT 62Rubitherm GmbHOrganicBulk146
RT 65Rubitherm GmbHOrganicBulk152
RT 70 HCRubitherm GmbHOrganicBulk230
RT 80 HCRubitherm GmbHOrganicBulk240
RT 82Rubitherm GmbHOrganicBulk176
RT 90 HCRubitherm GmbHOrganicBulk200
S117PlusICEInorganicBulk16014500.72.61
S89PlusICEInorganicBulk15115500.672.48
S83PlusICEInorganicBulk14116000.622.31
S72PlusICEInorganicBulk12716660.582.13
S70PlusICEInorganicBulk11016800.572.1
S58PlusICEInorganicBulk14515050.692.55
S50PlusICEInorganicBulk10016010.431.59
S46PlusICEInorganicBulk21015870.452.41
S44PlusICEInorganicBulk10015840.431.61
S34PlusICEInorganicBulk11521000.522.1
S32PlusICEInorganicBulk20014600.511.91
S30PlusICEInorganicBulk19013040.481.9
S27PlusICEInorganicBulk18315300.542.2
S25PlusICEInorganicBulk18015300.542.2
S23PlusICEInorganicBulk17515300.542.2
S21PlusICEInorganicBulk17015300.542.2
S19PlusICEInorganicBulk16015200.431.9
S17PlusICEInorganicBulk16015250.431.9
S15PlusICEInorganicBulk16015100.431.9
S13PlusICEInorganicBulk16015150.431.9
S10PlusICEInorganicBulk15514700.431.9
S8PlusICEInorganicBulk15014750.441.9
S7PlusICEInorganicBulk15017000.41.85
A164PlusICEOrganicBulk29015002.42
A155PlusICEOrganicBulk1009000.232.2
A144PlusICEOrganicBulk1158800.232.2
A133PlusICEOrganicBulk1268800.232.2
A118PlusICEOrganicBulk34014502.7
A95PlusICEOrganicBulk2059000.222.2
A82PlusICEOrganicBulk1558500.222.21
A70PlusICEOrganicBulk1738900.232.2
A62PlusICEOrganicBulk1459100.222.2
A60HPlusICEOrganicBulk2128000.182.15
A60HPlusICEOrganicBulk1459100.222.22
A58HPlusICEOrganicBulk2438200.182.85
A58PlusICEOrganicBulk1329100.222.22
A55PlusICEOrganicBulk1359050.222.22
A53HPlusICEOrganicBulk1668100.182.02
A53HPlusICEOrganicBulk1309100.222.22
A52PlusICEOrganicBulk2228100.182.15
A50PlusICEOrganicBulk2188100.182.15
A48PlusICEOrganicBulk2348100.182.85
A46PlusICEOrganicBulk1559100.222.22
A44PlusICEOrganicBulk2428050.182.15
A43PlusICEOrganicBulk1657800.182.37
A42PlusICEOrganicBulk1059050.212.22
A40PlusICEOrganicBulk2308100.182.43
A39PlusICEOrganicBulk1059000.222.22
A37PlusICEOrganicBulk2358100.182.85
A36PlusICEOrganicBulk2177900.182.37
A32PlusICEOrganicBulk1308450.212.2
A29PlusICEOrganicBulk2258100.182.15
A28PlusICEOrganicBulk1557890.212.22
A26PlusICEOrganicBulk1507900.212.22
A25HPlusICEOrganicBulk2268100.182.15
A25PlusICEOrganicBulk1507850.182.26
A24PlusICEOrganicBulk1457900.182.22
A23PlusICEOrganicBulk1457850.182.22
A22HPlusICEOrganicBulk2168200.182.85
A22PlusICEOrganicBulk1457850.182.22
A17PlusICEOrganicBulk1507850.182.22
A16PlusICEOrganicBulk2137600.182.37
A15PlusICEOrganicBulk1307900.182.26
A9PlusICEOrganicBulk1407750.212.16
A8PlusICEOrganicBulk1507730.212.16
A6PlusICEOrganicBulk1507700.212.17
A4PlusICEOrganicBulk2007660.212.18
A3PlusICEOrganicBulk2007650.212.2
A2PlusICEOrganicBulk2007650.212.2
E0PlusICEEutecticBulk33210000.584.19
E-2PlusICEEutecticBulk30610700.583.8
E-3PlusICEEutecticBulk31210600.63.84
E-6PlusICEEutecticBulk27511100.563.83
E-10PlusICEEutecticBulk28611400.563.33
E-11PlusICEEutecticBulk30110900.573.55
E-12PlusICEEutecticBulk25011100.563.47
E-14PlusICEEutecticBulk24312200.533.51
E-15PlusICEEutecticBulk30310600.533.87
E-19PlusICEEutecticBulk28211250.583.29
E-21PlusICEEutecticBulk26312400.513.13
E-22PlusICEEutecticBulk23411800.573.34
E-26PlusICEEutecticBulk26012500.583.67
E-29PlusICEEutecticBulk22214200.643.69
E-32PlusICEEutecticBulk24312900.562.95
E-34PlusICEEutecticBulk24012050.543.05
E-37PlusICEEutecticBulk21315000.543.15
E-50PlusICEEutecticBulk21813250.563.28
E-75PlusICEEutecticBulk1029020.172.43
E-78PlusICEEutecticBulk1158800.141.96
E-90PlusICEEutecticBulk907860.142.56
E-114PlusICEEutecticBulk1077820.172.39
PCM-HS26NSAVENRGInorganicBulk2051200
PCM-HS23NSAVENRGInorganicBulk2001180
PCM-HS10NSAVENRGInorganicBulk2201100
PCM-HS07NSAVENRGInorganicBulk2301120
PCM-HS01PSAVENRGInorganicBulk2901010
PCM-OM05PSAVENRGOrganicBulk198770
PCM-0M06PSAVENRGOrganicBulk260735
PCM-0M08PSAVENRGOrganicBulk1901050
PCM-0M11PSAVENRGOrganicBulk2601060
PCM-0M21PSAVENRGOrganicBulk1201050
PCM-H22PSAVENRGInorganicBulk1851540
PCM-HS24PSAVENRGInorganicBulk1851540
PCM-HS29PSAVENRGInorganicBulk1901550
PCM-OM32PSAVENRGOrganicBulk235870
PCM-OM35PSAVENRGOrganicBulk197870
PCM-HS34PSAVENRGInorganicBulk1501850
PCM-OM37PSAVENRGOrganicBulk218880
PCM-OM46PSAVENRGOrganicBulk245860
PCM-OM48PSAVENRGOrganicBulk255980
PCM-OM53PSAVENRGOrganicBulk192860
PCM-OM65PSAVENRGOrganicBulk210840
PCM-HS89PSAVENRGInorganicBulk1801540
MPCM -30MicrotekOrganicMicro-encapsulated145
MPCM -30DMicrotekOrganicMicro-encapsulated145
MPCM -10MicrotekOrganicMicro-encapsulated155
MPCM -10DMicrotekOrganicMicro-encapsulated155
MPCM 6MicrotekOrganicMicro-encapsulated162
MPCM 6DMicrotekOrganicMicro-encapsulated162
MPCM 18MicrotekOrganicMicro-encapsulated168
MPCM 18DMicrotekOrganicMicro-encapsulated168
MPCM 28MicrotekOrganicMicro-encapsulated187.5
MPCM 28DMicrotekOrganicMicro-encapsulated187.5
MPCM28D-IRMicrotekOrganicMicro-encapsulated170
MPCM 37MicrotekOrganicMicro-encapsulated195
MPCM 37DMicrotekOrganicMicro-encapsulated195
MPCM 43DMicrotekOrganicMicro-encapsulated195
MPCM 56DMicrotekOrganicMicro-encapsulated170
Latest 29 TTEAPInorganicBulk175149012
Latest 25 TTEAPInorganicBulk175149012
Latest 20 TTEAPInorganicBulk175149012
Latest 18 TTEAPInorganicBulk175149012

The above dataset is also available as an Excel spreadsheet from

Technology, development and encapsulation

The most commonly used PCMs are salt hydrates, fatty acids and esters, and various paraffins. Recently also ionic liquids were investigated as novel PCMs.
As most of the organic solutions are water-free, they can be exposed to air, but all salt based PCM solutions must be encapsulated to prevent water evaporation or uptake. Both types offer certain advantages and disadvantages and if they are correctly applied some of the disadvantages becomes an advantage for certain applications.
They have been used since the late 19th century as a medium for thermal storage applications. They have been used in such diverse applications as refrigerated transportation for rail and road applications and their physical properties are, therefore, well known.
Unlike the ice storage system, however, the PCM systems can be used with any conventional water chiller both for a new or alternatively retrofit application. The positive temperature phase change allows centrifugal and absorption chillers as well as the conventional reciprocating and screw chiller systems or even lower ambient conditions utilizing a cooling tower or dry cooler for charging the TES system.
The temperature range offered by the PCM technology provides a new horizon for the building services and refrigeration engineers regarding medium and high temperature energy storage applications. The scope of this thermal energy application is wide-ranging of solar heating, hot water, heating rejection, and dry cooler circuitry thermal energy storage applications.
Since PCMs transform between solid–liquid in thermal cycling, encapsulation naturally became the obvious storage choice.
As phase change materials perform best in small containers, therefore they are usually divided in cells. The cells are shallow to reduce static head – based on the principle of shallow container geometry. The packaging material should conduct heat well; and it should be durable enough to withstand frequent changes in the storage material's volume as phase changes occur. It should also restrict the passage of water through the walls, so the materials will not dry out. Packaging must also resist leakage and corrosion. Common packaging materials showing chemical compatibility with room temperature PCMs include stainless steel, polypropylene and polyolefin.

Thermal composites

Thermal composites is a term given to combinations of phase change materials and other structures. A simple example is a copper mesh immersed in paraffin wax. The copper mesh within paraffin wax can be considered a composite material, dubbed a thermal composite. Such hybrid materials are created to achieve specific overall or bulk properties.
Thermal conductivity is a common property targeted for maximization by creating thermal composites. In this case, the basic idea is to increase thermal conductivity by adding a highly conducting solid into the relatively low-conducting PCM, thus increasing overall or bulk conductivity. If the PCM is required to flow, the solid must be porous, such as a mesh.
Solid composites such as fiberglass or kevlar prepreg for the aerospace industry usually refer to a fiber and a matrix. A thermal composite is not so clearly defined but could similarly refer to a matrix and the PCM, which is of course usually liquid and/or solid depending on conditions. They are also meant to discover minor elements in the earth.

Applications

Applications of phase change materials include, but are not limited to:
Some phase change materials are suspended in water, and are relatively nontoxic. Others are hydrocarbons or other flammable materials, or are toxic. As such, PCMs must be selected and applied very carefully, in accordance with fire and building codes and sound engineering practices. Because of the increased fire risk, flamespread, smoke, potential for explosion when held in containers, and liability, it may be wise not to use flammable PCMs within residential or other regularly occupied buildings. Phase change materials are also being used in thermal regulation of electronics.