Phosphofructokinase
Phosphofructokinase is a kinase enzyme that phosphorylates fructose 6-phosphate in glycolysis.
Function
The enzyme-catalysed transfer of a phosphoryl group from ATP is an important reaction in a wide variety of biological processes. One enzyme that utilizes this reaction is phosphofructokinase, which catalyses the phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, a key regulatory step in the glycolytic pathway. It is allosterically inhibited by ATP and allosterically activated by AMP, thus indicating the cell's energetic needs when it undergoes the glycolytic pathway. PFK exists as a homotetramer in bacteria and mammals and as an octomer in yeast and 4 beta-chains. This protein may use the morpheein model of allosteric regulation.PFK is about 300 amino acids in length, and structural studies of the bacterial enzyme have shown it comprises two similar lobes: one involved in ATP binding and the other housing both the substrate-binding site and the allosteric site. The identical tetramer subunits adopt 2 different conformations: in a 'closed' state, the bound magnesium ion bridges the phosphoryl groups of the enzyme products ; and in an 'open' state, the magnesium ion binds only the ADP, as the 2 products are now further apart. These conformations are thought to be successive stages of a reaction pathway that requires subunit closure to bring the 2 molecules sufficiently close to react.
PFK belongs to the phosphofructokinase B family of sugar kinases. Other members of this family include ribokinase adenosine kinase, inosine kinase, and 1-phosphofructokinase. The members of the PfkB/RK family are identified by the presence of three conserved sequence motifs. The structures of several PfK family of proteins have been determined from a number of organisms and the enzymatic activity of this family of protein shows a dependence on the presence of pentavalent ions. PFK is found in isoform versions in skeletal muscle, in the liver, and from platelets, allowing for tissue-specific expression and function. It is still speculated that the isoforms may play a role in specific glycolytic rates in the tissue-specific environments they are in. It has been found in humans that some human tumor cell lines had increased glycolytic productivity and correlated with the increased amount of PFKL.
Deficiency in PFK leads to glycogenosis type VII, an autosomal recessive disorder characterised by severe nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps and myoglobinuria in response to bursts of intense or vigorous exercise. Sufferers are usually able to lead a reasonably ordinary life by learning to adjust activity levels.
The reverse reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase.
Regulation
There are two different phosphofructokinase enzymes in humans:| Type | Synonyms | EC number | Substrate | Product | Paralog genes |
| Phosphofructokinase 1 | 6-phosphofructokinase phosphohexokinase | Fructose 6-phosphate | Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate | PFKL, PFKM, PFKP | |
| Phosphofructokinase 2 | 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase | Fructose 6-phosphate | Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate | PFKFB1, PFKFB2, PFKFB3, PFKFB4 |