Poppy-seed bagel theorem


In physics, the poppy-seed bagel theorem concerns interacting particles confined to a bounded surface when the particles repel each other pairwise with a magnitude that is proportional to the inverse distance between them raised to some positive power. In particular, this includes the Coulomb law observed in Electrostatics and Riesz potentials extensively studied in Potential theory. For such particles, an equilibrium state, which depends on the parameter, is attained when the associated energy of the system is minimal. For large numbers of points, these equilibrium configurations provide a discretization of which may or may not be nearly uniform with respect to the surface area of. The Poppy-seed bagel theorem asserts that for a large class of sets, the uniformity property holds when the parameter is larger than or equal to the dimension of the set. For example, when the points are confined to a torus embedded in 3-dimensions, one can create a large number of points that are nearly uniformly spread on the surface by imposing a repulsion proportional to the inverse square distance between the points, or any stronger repulsion. From a culinary perspective, to create the nearly perfect poppy-seed bagel where bites of equal size anywhere on the bagel would contain essentially the same number of poppy seeds, impose at least an inverse square distance repelling force on the seeds.

Formal definitions

For a parameter and an -point set, the -energy of is defined as follows:
For a compact set we define its minimal -point -energy as
where the minimum is taken over all -point subsets of ; i.e.,. Configurations that attain this infimum are called -point -equilibrium configurations.

Poppy-seed bagel theorem for bodies

We consider compact sets with the Lebesgue measure and. For every fix an -point -equilibrium configuration. Set
where is a unit point mass at point. Under these assumptions, in the sense of weak convergence of measures,
where is the Lebesgue measure restricted to ; i.e.,.
Furthermore, it is true that
where the constant does not depend on the set and, therefore,
where is the unit cube in.

Poppy-seed bagel theorem for manifolds

Consider a smooth -dimensional manifold embedded in and denote its surface measure by. We assume. Assume
As before, for every fix an -point -equilibrium configuration and set
Then, in the sense of weak convergence of measures,
where. If is the -dimensional Hausdorff measure, then
where is the volume of a d-ball.

The constant C_{s,p}

For, it is known that, where is the Riemann zeta function. The following connection between the constant and the problem of Sphere packing is known:
where is the volume of a p-ball and
where the supremum is taken over all families of non-overlapping unit balls such that the limit
exists.