The pressuron is a hypothetical scalar particle which couples to both gravity and matter theorised in 2013. Although originally postulated without self-interaction potential, the pressuron is also a dark energy candidate when it has such a potential. The pressuron takes its name from the fact that it decouples from matter in pressure-less regimes, allowing the scalar-tensor theory of gravity involving it to pass solar system tests, as well as tests on the equivalence principle, even though it is fundamentally coupled to matter. Such a decoupling mechanism could explain why gravitation seems to be well described by general relativity at present epoch, while it could actually be more complex than that. Because of the way it couples to matter, the pressuron is a special case of the hypothetical string dilaton. Therefore, it is one of the possible solutions to the present non-observation of various signals coming from massless or light scalar fields that are generically predicted in string theory.
If one considers a pressure-free perfect fluid, the effective material Lagrangian becomes, where is the mass of the ith particle, its position, and the Dirac delta function, while at the same time the trace of the stress-energy tensor reduces to. Thus, there is an exact cancellation of the pressuron material source term, and hence the pressuron effectively decouples from pressure-free matter fields. In other words, the specific coupling between the scalar field and the material fields in the Lagrangian leads to a decoupling between the scalar field and the matter fields in the limit that the matter field is exerting zero pressure.
Link to string theory
The pressuron shares some characteristics with the hypothetical string dilaton, and can actually be viewed as a special case of the wider family of possible dilatons. Since perturbative string theory cannot currently give the expected coupling of the string dilaton with material fields in the effective 4-dimension action, it seems conceivable that the pressuron may be the string dilaton in the 4-dimension effective action.
According to Minazzoli and Hees, post-Newtonian tests of gravitation in the Solar System should lead to the same results as what is expected from general relativity, except forgravitational redshift experiments, which should deviate from general relativity with a relative magnitude of the order of, where is the current cosmological value of the scalar-field function, and and are respectively the mean pressure and density of the Earth. Current best constraints on the gravitational redshift come fromgravity probe A and are at the level only. Therefore, the scalar-tensor theory that involves the pressuron is weakly constrained by Solar System experiments.
Because of its non-minimal couplings, the pressuron leads to a variation of the fundamental coupling constants in regimes where it effectively couples to matter. However, since the pressuron decouples in both the matter-dominated era and the dark-energy-dominated era, the pressuron is also weakly constrained by current cosmological tests on the variation of the coupling constants.
Although no calculations seem to have been performed regarding this issue, it has been argued that binary pulsars should give greater constraints on the existence of the pressuron because of the high pressure of bodies involved in such systems.
