Question mark


The question mark is a punctuation mark that indicates an interrogative clause or phrase in many languages. The question mark is not used for indirect questions. The question mark glyph is also often used in place of missing or unknown data. In Unicode, it is encoded at.

History

attributes an early form of the modern question mark in western language to Alcuin of
York. Truss describes the punctus interrogativus of the late 8th century as, "a lightning flash, striking from right to left".
This earliest question mark was a decoration of one of these dots, with the "lightning flash" perhaps meant to denote intonation, and perhaps associated with early musical notation like neumes. Another possibility is that it was originally a tilde or titlo, as in, one of many wavy or more or less slanted marks used in medieval texts for denoting things such as abbreviations, which would later become various diacritics or ligatures. Over the next three centuries this pitch-defining element seems to have been forgotten, so that the Alcuinesque stroke-over-dot sign is often seen indifferently at the end of clauses, whether they embody a question or not.
In the early 13th century, when the growth of communities of scholars in Paris and other major cities led to an expansion and streamlining of the book-production trade, punctuation was rationalized by assigning Alcuin's stroke-over-dot specifically to interrogatives; by this time the stroke was more sharply curved and can easily be recognized as the modern question mark.
It has also been suggested that the glyph derives from the Latin quaestiō meaning "question", which was abbreviated during the Middle Ages to qo. The lowercase was written above the lowercase, and this mark was transformed into the modern symbol.
According to a 2011 discovery by Chip Coakley, a Cambridge University manuscript expert, Syriac was the first language to use a punctuation mark to indicate an interrogative sentence. The Syriac question mark, known as the zagwa elaya has the form of a vertical double dot over a word.

Scope

In English, the question mark typically occurs at the end of a sentence, where it replaces the full stop. However, the question mark may also occur at the end of a clause or phrase, where it replaces the comma :
or:
This is quite common in Spanish, where the use of bracketing question marks explicitly indicates the scope of interrogation.
A question mark may also appear immediately after questionable data, such as dates:

In other languages and scripts

Opening and closing question marks in Spanish


In Spanish, since the second edition of the Ortografía of the Real Academia Española in 1754, interrogatives require both opening and closing question marks. An interrogative sentence, clause, or phrase begins with an inverted question mark and ends with the question mark, as in:
Question marks must always be matched, but to mark uncertainty rather than actual interrogation omitting the opening one is allowed, although discouraged:
The omission of the opening mark is common in informal writing, but is considered an error. The one exception is when the question mark is matched with an exclamation mark, as in:
Nonetheless, even here the Academia recommends matching punctuation:
The opening question mark in Unicode is.

In other languages of Spain

also uses the inverted opening question mark, though usually only in long sentences or in cases that would otherwise be ambiguous. Basque only uses the terminal question mark.

Armenian question mark

In Armenian, the question mark is a diacritic that takes the form of an open circle and is placed over the last vowel of the question word. It is defined in Unicode at.

Greek question mark

The Greek question mark looks like. It appeared around the same time as the Latin one, in the 8th century. It was adopted by Church Slavonic and eventually settled on a form essentially similar to the Latin semicolon. In Unicode, it is separately encoded as, but the similarity is so great that the code point is normalized to, making the marks identical in practice. In Greek, the question mark is used even for indirect questions.

Mirrored question mark in right-to-left scripts

In Arabic and other languages that use Arabic script such as Persian and Urdu, which are written from right to left, the question mark is mirrored right-to-left from the Latin question mark. In Unicode, two encodings are available: and.. In addition, the Thaana script of The Maldives uses the mirrored question mark: މަރުހަބާ؟
The Arabic question mark is also used in some other right to left scripts: N'Ko, and Syriac.
Hebrew and Yiddish are also written right-to-left, but they use a question mark that appears on the page in the same orientation as the Roman-alphabet question mark..

Fullwidth question mark in East Asian languages

The question mark is also used in modern writing in Chinese and Japanese, although it is not strictly necessary in either. Usually it is written as fullwidth form in Chinese and Japanese, in Unicode:.

In other scripts

Some other scripts have a specific question mark:
In Canada, some indigenous languages use question mark to represent ʔ:
French usage must include a narrow non-breaking space before the question mark, whereas in the English language orthography no space is allowed in front of the question mark.
In typography, some stylistic variants and combinations are available:
The rhetorical question mark or percontation point was invented by Henry Dunham in the 1580s and was used at the end of a rhetorical question; however, it became obsolete in the 17th century. It was the reverse of an ordinary question mark, so that instead of the main opening pointing back into the sentence, it opened away from it. This character can be represented using the reversed question mark found in Unicode as U+2E2E. The percontation point is analogous to the irony mark, but those are even more rarely seen.
Bracketed question marks can be used for rhetorical questions, for example, in informal contexts such as closed captioning. For an ironic or sarcastic statement, a bracketed exclamation mark may be used:.
The question mark can also be used as a meta-sign to signal uncertainty regarding what precedes it. It is usually put between brackets:. The uncertainty may concern either a superficial level, or a deeper truth.

Computing

In computing, the question mark character is represented by ASCII code 63, and is located at Unicode code-point. The full-width equivalent, is located at code-point.
The question mark is often utilized as a wildcard character: a symbol that can be used to substitute for any other character or characters in a string. In particular "?" is used as a substitute for any one character as opposed to the asterisk, "*", which can be used as a substitute for zero or more characters in a string. The inverted question mark corresponds to Unicode code-point, and can be accessed from the keyboard in Microsoft Windows on the default US layout by holding down the Alt and typing either 1 6 8 or 0 1 9 1 on the numeric keypad. In GNOME applications on Linux operating systems, it can be entered by typing the hexadecimal Unicode character while holding down both Ctrl and Shift, I J mm.e.: Ctrl Shift B F. In recent XFree86 and X.Org incarnations of the X Window System, it can be accessed as a compose sequence of two straight question marks, i.e. pressing Compose ? ? yields ¿. In classic Mac OS and Mac OS X, the key combination Option Shift ? produces an inverted question mark.
The question mark is used in ASCII renderings of the International Phonetic Alphabet, such as SAMPA, in place of the glottal stop symbol,,, and corresponds to Unicode code point.
In computer programming, the symbol "?" has a special meaning in many programming languages. In C-descended languages, ? is part of the operator, which is used to evaluate simple boolean conditions. In C# 2.0, the ? modifier is used to handle nullable data types and ?? is the null coalescing operator. In the POSIX syntax for regular expressions, such as that used in Perl and Python, ? stands for "zero or one instance of the previous subexpression", i.e. an optional element. In certain implementations of the BASIC programming language, the ? character may be used as a shorthand for the "print" function; in others, ? is used to address a single-byte memory location. In OCaml, the question mark precedes the label for an optional parameter. In Scheme, as a convention, symbol names ending in ? are used for predicates, such as odd?, null?, and eq?. Similarly, in Ruby, method names ending in ? are used for predicates. In Swift, a type followed by ? denotes an option type; ? is also used in "optional chaining", where if an option value is nil, it ignores the following operations. In APL, ? generates random numbers or a random subset of indices. In Rust, a ? suffix on a function or method call indicates error handling.
In many Web browsers and other computer programs, when converting text between encodings, it may not be possible to map some characters into the target character set. In this situation it is common to replace each unmappable character with a question mark ?, inverted question mark ¿, or the Unicode replacement character, usually rendered as a white question mark in a black diamond:. This commonly occurs for apostrophes and quotation marks when they are written with software that uses its own proprietary non-standard code for these characters, such as Microsoft Office's "smart quotes".
The generic URL syntax allows for a query string to be appended to a resource location in a Web address so that additional information can be passed to a script; the query mark, ?, is used to indicate the start of a query string. A query string is usually made up of a number of different field/value pairs, each separated by the ampersand symbol, &, as seen in this URL:
http://www.example.com/search.php?query=testing&database=English
Here, a script on the page search.php on the server www.example.com is to provide a response to the query string containing the pairs query=testing and database=English.

Games

In algebraic chess notation, some chess punctuation conventions include: "?" denotes a bad move, "??" a blunder, "?!" a dubious move, and "!?" an interesting move.
In Scrabble, a question mark indicates a blank tile.

Mathematics and formal logic

In mathematics, "?" commonly denotes Minkowski's question mark function. In equations, it can mean "questioned" as opposed to "defined".
In linear logic, the question mark denotes one of the exponential modalities that control weakening and contraction.

Medicine

A question mark is used in English medical notes to suggest a possible diagnosis. It facilitates the recording of a doctor's impressions regarding a patient's symptoms and signs. For example, for a patient presenting with left lower abdominal pain, a differential diagnosis might include ?diverticulitis.