RAF West Raynham


Royal Air Force West Raynham or more simply RAF West Raynham is a former Royal Air Force station located west of West Raynham, Norfolk and southwest of Fakenham, Norfolk, England.
The airfield opened during May 1939 and was used by RAF Bomber Command during the Second World War with the loss of 86 aircraft.
The station closed in 1994, though the Ministry of Defence retained it as a strategic reserve. Having lain derelict since closure, the station was deemed surplus to requirements by the MoD in 2004 and two years later was sold to the Welbeck Estate Group who resold the entire site in October 2007. It is now managed by FW Properties of Norwich, acting for administrators Moore Stephens.
The technical area now operates as a business park with many buildings now reused. The former married quarter areas are now all occupied with a pub and nursery on site.

Planning permission was granted for the installation of a 49.9 MW solar farm, together with plant housing and a perimeter fence, operated by Good Energy.
The solar farm is now fully operational.

History

Second World War

Built between 1938 and 1939, RAF West Raynham was an expansion scheme airfield. The grass landing area was aligned roughly north-east to south-west. The main camp, with housing and headquarters, was located immediately west of the landing area. To the south-east were bomb stores. The airfield was originally equipped with a Watch Office with Tower, of pattern 207/36, although the original control room was later removed and new larger control room built to pattern 4698/43. The newer VHB type control tower was a post war addition.
101 Squadron – a detachment of Bristol Blenheim which was part of 2 Group – were moved to West Raynham in May 1939. The only squadron based at RAF West Raynham, 101 Squadron were held in reserve by 2 Group until they were used as target tugs in February 1940. In 1940, RAF West Raynham also acted as a temporary base for 18 and 139 squadrons after they suffered losses in the Blitzkrieg.
RAF Great Massingham was founded in 1940, just from RAF West Raynham to act as a satellite base. It was originally intended to support West Raynham and provide it with extra space for its Blenheims, but eventually expanded to accommodate a squadron of its own. A second support airfield, RAF Sculthorpe, was built to the north.
On 4 July 1940, 101 Squadron saw action for the first time. Individual aircraft attacked oil tanks in German ports. This went on for over a year, and during this time the squadron lost 15 Blenheims across 610 missions. No. 101 Squadron was transferred to 3 Group and consequently left West Raynham. They were replaced at West Raynham by 114 Squadron, another detachment of Blenheims. They were stationed at West Rayham for over a year before they were despatched to North Africa as part of "Operation Torch". The squadron converted to Blenheim Mk Vs in August 1942, in preparation for combat in Africa. No. 18 Squadron also went to RAF West Raynham to be refitted with Mk Vs. At this time, squadrons 180 and 342 were formed at West Raynham. The 180 Squadron was equipped with North American B-25 Mitchells and based at RAF Great Massingham which was associated with RAF West Raynham. Squadron 342 was provided with Douglas Bostons crewed by Frenchmen in early 1943, and was later relocated to RAF Sculthorpe.
Between May and November 1943, the grass landing area was replaced with two concrete runways, one 04-22 and long and the other 10–28. At the same time, the existing housing on the site was expanded to provide accommodation for 2,456 men and 658 women.
In December 1943, the station was taken over by 100 Group, who brought 141 and 239 squadrons to RAF West Raynham. They were equipped with de Havilland Mosquito, fighter aircraft which provided support to bomber sorties in enemy air space. They were based at West Raynham until the end of the war; their duties involved flying Serrate patrols and "Ranger sorties". During the war, squadrons stationed at RAF West Raynham lost 56 Blenheims, 29 Mosquitos, and a Bristol Beaufighter.

Postwar

From 1945 to 1962, RAF West Raynham was Central Fighter Establishment of the Royal Air Force. In 1946, the station underwent improvements, including new range facilities at Setchey, North Wooton and Holbeach, extra Officers accommodation, new technical facilities, a new cinema at Great Massingham and finally, provision of a new Flying Control and Crash Rescue Building for Very Heavy Bomber Stations to a drawing number 294/45. This was opened on 20 May 1948 following problems with the VCR glazing.
The station still had at least two operational Gloster Meteor jet fighters, a squadron of twin tail-boomed de Havilland Venoms and de Havilland Vampire trainer jets. The very latest arrival in 1957 was a flight of Gloster Javelins, which also appeared at the Farnborough Airshow the same year.
On the morning of Wednesday 8 February 1956, eight Hawker Hunter aircraft from the Central Fighter Establishment took off on an exercise. The weather closed in, causing them to be diverted to RAF Marham. Two aircraft landed safely, a third ran off the runway, and the fourth crashed into a field killing the pilot. The remaining four pilots ejected, with the aircraft crashing in open country. This incident was raised in the House of Commons.
In 1964 a tripartite squadron, comprising members of the British, American and German armed forces, was formed at West Raynham to evaluate the Hawker P.1127 Vertical Take-Off and Landing strike fighter aircraft.
In 1964, the East side of the airfield was developed as a SAM site, equipped with the Bristol Bloodhound Mk2 and its associated radars. The resident unit was No. 41 Squadron RAF. Some of the radars, launch control units, and launchers were air portable for deployment elsewhere if required.
Between 28–31 March 1967 Hawker Hunters from West Raynham were involved in Operation Mop Up. This operation saw repeated attacks by Hunters from Raynham and RAF Chivenor, along with aircraft of the Fleet Air Arm, dropping aviation fuel and napalm on an oil slick being released from the wreck of the supertanker which had run aground on Seven Stones reef, near Lands End. On 9 June 1967 a Handley Page Hastings C2, registration WD491, was written off at Raynham when a tyre burst during landing.
In 1968 a Hunter from RAF West Raynham was used by Flight Lieutenant Alan Pollock, a flight commander in No. 1 Squadron RAF, to unofficially mark the 50th Anniversary of the Royal Air Force. This event is commonly referred to as the Hawker Hunter Tower Bridge incident.
On 19 December 1975, 85 Squadron, which had been stationed at the base flying the Gloster Javelin and Gloster Meteor in the early 1960s, made their headquarters at West Raynham after being reformed as a Bristol Bloodhound Mark II surface-to-air missile unit. 85 Squadron remained at West Raynham until it was disbanded on 10 July 1991, with the Standard bearing the squadrons battle honours placed in the safe keeping of Ely Cathedral.
In 1963, 1971, 1980, 1981 and 1982, RAF West Raynham was the location of the Royal Observer Corps annual summer training camps for eight weeks when up to 500 observers attended each week for technical training sessions. Other ranks were accommodated in spare barrack blocks and officers in the officers' mess. In 1980 the start of the camps coincided with a no notice station three-day Tactical Evaluation inspection by RAF Strike Command and much consternation was caused when a full-time ROC officer arrived at the main gate in a car loaded with radioactive sources needed for an ROC training session. With the arrival obviously not expected by the TACEVAL directing staff the vehicle was placed under armed guard and the ROC officer bundled into the station guardroom where he remained locked up for several hours until the senior ROC officer was located to vouch for him.

Closure and redevelopment

In 1994, RAF West Raynham was shut down by the Ministry of Defence. The airfield and technical site remained the property of the MoD but the site was disused and its houses left empty and falling into disrepair. In 2002 Norman Lamb, Member of Parliament for North Norfolk, labelled the situation a "scandal" as at the time there was a shortage of affordable housing in the region. Though empty, the MoD had retained RAF West Raynham as a strategic reserve, however in 2004 it was decided that the base would play no future role in the defence of the country. Lamb campaigned for the houses to be turned over for civilian use, and it was announced in October 2004 that 170 homes at RAF West Raynham would be sold. In December 2005 it was announced that the whole site would be sold by tender.
The site was purchased by Roger Byron-Collins' company the Welbeck Estate Group in a joint venture with Hodge Homes in April 2006, then resold it in October 2007, as they had been unable to install the necessary infrastructure. Tamarix Investments bought RAF West Raynham in October 2007; they planned to build new homes on the site and a hotel, as well as renovate the standing houses. The plans included turning the site into an eco-village, with a biomass generator to supply power. The 170 houses at RAF West Raynham will be repaired and 40 more homes added to the site. In 2008, planning permission was granted for the construction of 58 properties and for the conversion of the hangars into twenty loft style holiday apartments.
A Large part of the remaining hard standing and hangars 3 and 4 have been purchased by Norfolk Oak, previously from Anmer Hall.

Heritage

A proposal to afford Grade II listed status to the Type C Hangars, Control Tower, Parachute Store, Workshops, Station Sick Quarters & Annex, Station Armoury, Works Dept. and Water Tower, Central Heating Station, Station Headquarters and Operations Block, Guard House, main entrance gates and railings, Officer's Mess, Felbrigg Walk, Nos 3–8 Airmen's Married Quarters, and five blocks of Airmen's Married Quarters under the Thematic Listing Programme was withdrawn by English Heritage.
Gloster Meteor F.8, number WK654, is preserved at the City of Norwich Aviation Museum. This aircraft served with the ‘All Weather Flying Squadron’ and Central Fighter Establishment at RAF West Raynham. Gloster Javelin FAW8 XH992 has been preserved in 85 Squadron markings at the Newark Air Museum. The Bloodhound missile that formerly served as gate guardian outside the station HQ is preserved at RAF Cosford.
On 13 May 2008 Air Commodore Clive Bairsto presented Wing Commander Seb Kendall of No 6 RAF Force Protection Wing HQ with its recently approved badge. This badge includes the sword from the badge of RAF West Raynham, the former home of 6 Wing RAF Regiment.
Funds were raised to erect a permanent memorial to all who served at RAF West Raynham between 1939 and 1994. It depicts the Station Crest and the Crest of the Central Fighter Establishment It was sited on an existing plinth which once held a Norfolk village type sign of the Station Crest. This plinth was donated by Investec, the site owners and repaired by FW Properties of Norwich, who manage the site.
It also has a representation of aircraft which flew from WR and associated squadrons. The aircraft represented are: The Bristol Blenheim, the first operational aircraft to fly from RAF West Raynham with No 101 Squadron; the Bristol Bloodhound and BAe Dynamics Rapier Missiles to represent air defence roles; the English Electric Canberra, the last operational aircraft to fly from RAF West Raynham. Finally, the Hawker Siddeley Kestrel, later the famous Harrier, was evaluated at WR in 1965, with a Tri-partite Squadron consisting of military test pilots from Great Britain, the United States and West Germany. One of these aircraft can be viewed at the RAFM Cosford.
The Aircraft which flew with the Central Fighter Establishment and RAF West Raynham are represented by, The de Havilland Mosquito; the de Havilland Vampire; the Gloster Meteor; the Hawker Hunter and the Gloster Javelin. In addition, Fleet Air Arm Squadrons 746 and 787 served alongside CFE. Between them, they flew over 35 types of aircraft.
The Memorial was unveiled by Air Vice Marshal Les Phipps, Wing Commander Don Webb DFM and Mr Kenny Freeman on 27 September 2014.

Television location

Following closure RAF West Raynham was used as the location venue for the two part miniseries, Over Here. The series was filmed at the station in 1996, starring Martin Clunes and Samuel West.
In 2009, Channel 4 used the former base as a location for a documentary on the contribution of Polish fighter pilots in the Second World War. West Raynham stood in for both RAF Northolt and RAF Uxbridge, with Air Cadets from Watton being employed in the filming.
Between 9–15 January 2010, RAF West Raynham featured on the LivingTV series Most Haunted Live in a series called "The Silent Town". Shooting took place at a variety of locations on the base, including Hangars 3 and 4, the control towers, Guard Room, Station Headquarters, Sergeant's Mess, Officer's Mess, hospital and chapel, employing a crew of 120 people at the closed base. North American Harvard trainer aircraft 1747, from Duxford, was displayed in the Hangar 4 studio set for the duration of the shoot, becoming the first aircraft to officially use the airfield since closure.

Units

Units based at RAF West Raynham included:
DatesSquadronAircraftNotes
9 May 1939 – 6 July 1941101 SqnBristol BlenheimPart of 2 Group
10 May – 13 August 1939, 27 August 3 September 1939, 11 – 14 September 193990 SqnBlenheimTraining unit
Oct 1939 – March 1941No 2 Group Target Towing Flight
30 April – 20 May 194076 SqnPart of 6 Group
30 May – 10 June 1940139 SqnBlenheim
12 June – 9 September 194018 SqnBlenheim
15 May – 28 June 194190 SqnBoeing B-17 Fortress I
20–21 June 1941268 SqnCurtiss Tomahawk
Lysander		Tactical reconnaissance unit.
19 July – 15 November 1941No. 1420 Flight
19 July 1941 – 13 November 1942114 SqnBlenheim IV and VPart of 2 Group
11 September – 19 October 1942180 SqnNorth American Mitchell II
12 September – 15 October 194298 SqnNorth American Mitchell IIPart of 2 Group
1 April – 15 May 1943342 SqnDouglas Boston IIIPart of 2 Group
1943 – July 19442755 Sqn RAF RegimentLight anti-aircraft unit
3 December 1943 – 18 January 1944HQ, 100 GroupNo. 100 Group pioneered the use of offensive Electronic Warfare.
4 December 1943 – 3 July 1945141 Sqnde Havilland MosquitoNight Intruder operations in support of bombers, part of 100 Group
10 December 1943 – 1 July 1945239 Sqnde Havilland MosquitoNight Intruder operations in support of bombers, part of 100 Group
25 January – 9 February 1944No 100 Group Communications Flight
24 January – 21 May 1944No. 1694 Flight
1 October 1945 – 5 October 1962Central Fighter EstablishmentGloster Meteor F8
de Havilland Vampire
de Havilland Venom
Gloster Javelin
Hawker Hunter
  • Day Fighter Leaders School
  • All-Weather Wing
  • All-Weather Development Sqn
  • All-Weather Fighter Leaders School
  • All-Weather Fighter Combat School
  • Day Fighter Combat School
20 May 1950 – 1 December 1952Fighter Command Instrument Training Flt/Sqn
9 September 1960 – 31 March 196385 SqnGloster Javelin Mk 8Part of Fighter Command
1 – 25 April 196385 SqnGloster MeteorSquadron reformed through renaming the Target Facilities Squadron at West Raynham
13 August 1963 – 18 July 19691 SqnHawker Hunter FGA9Part of 38 Group
14 August 1963 – 1 September 196954 SqnHawker Hunter FGA9Part of 38 Group
15 October 1964 – 30 November 1965Kestrel Evaluation SqnHawker-Siddeley KestrelThe tripartite training and evaluation unit for the forerunner to the Hawker-Siddeley Harrier "Jump Jet".
1 September 1965 – 31 July 197041 SqnBristol Bloodhound defence against Soviet bombers
1 February 1966 – 30 June 1967Fighter Command Trials Unit
1 September 1969 – 13 March 1970"UK Echelon", 4 Sqn
6 October 1971 – 18 December 1975Bloodhound Support Unit
1 February 1972 – 5 January 1976100 SqnEnglish Electric CanberraTarget-towing and specialist electronic warfare training unit
1 August – 29 September 197245 SqnHawker HunterGround-attack unit
1 July 1983 – January 1991HQ 6 Wing RAF RegimentRapier missileShort Range Air Defence Missile Unit
19 December 1975 – 1 July 199185 SqnBloodhound missileMedium-range surface-to-air missile

Citations