Research stations in Antarctica

A number of governments have set up permanent research stations in Antarctica and these bases are widely distributed. Unlike the drifting ice stations set up in the Arctic, the research stations of the Antarctic are constructed either on rock or on ice that is fixed in place.
Many of the stations are staffed around the year. A total of 42 countries, all signatories to the Antarctic Treaty, operate seasonal and year-round research stations on the continent.
The population of people performing and supporting scientific research on the continent and nearby islands varies from approximately 4,000 during the summer season to 1,000 during winter. In addition to these permanent stations, approximately 30 field camps are established each summer to support specific projects.

History

First bases

During the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration in the late 19th century, the first bases on the continent were established. In 1898, Carsten Borchgrevink, a Norwegian/British explorer, led the British Antarctic Expedition to Cape Adare, where he established the first Antarctic base on Ridley Beach. The expedition is often referred to now as the Southern Cross Expedition, after expedition ship name. Most of the staff were Norwegian, but the funds for the expedition were British, provided by Sir George Newnes. The 10 members of the expedition explored Robertson Bay to the west of Cape Adare by dog teams, and later, after being picked up by the ship at the base, went ashore on the Ross Ice Shelf for brief journeys. The expedition hut is still in good condition and visited frequently by tourists.
The hut was later occupied by Scott's Northern Party under the command of Victor Campbell for a year in 1911, after its attempt to explore the eastern end of the ice shelf discovered Roald Amundsen already ashore preparing for his assault on the South Pole.
In 1903, Dr William S. Bruce's Scottish National Antarctic Expedition set off to Antarctica, with one of its aims to establish a meteorological station in the area. After the expedition failed to find land, Bruce decided to head back to the Laurie Island in the South Orkneys and find an anchorage there. The islands were well-situated as a site for a meteorological station, and their relative proximity to the South American mainland allowed a permanent station to be established. Bruce instituted a comprehensive programme of work, involving meteorological readings, trawling for marine samples, botanical excursions, and the collection of biological and geological specimens.
The major task completed during this time was the construction of a stone building, christened "Omond House". This was to act as living accommodation for the parties that would remain on Laurie Island to operate the proposed meteorological laboratory. The building was constructed from local materials using the dry stone method, with a roof improvised from wood and canvas sheeting. The completed house was 20 feet by 20 feet square, with two windows, fitted as quarters for six people. Rudmose Brown wrote: "Considering that we had no mortar and no masons' tools it is a wonderfully fine house and very lasting. I should think it will be standing a century hence ..."
Bruce later offered to Argentina the transfer of the station and instruments on the condition that the government committed itself to the continuation of the scientific mission. Bruce informed the British officer William Haggard of his intentions in December 1903, and Haggard ratified the terms of Bruce's proposition.
The Scotia sailed back for Laurie Island on 14 January 1904 carrying on board Argentinean officials from the Ministry of Agriculture, National Meteorological Office, Ministry of Livestock and National Postal and Telegraphs Office. In 1906, Argentina communicated to the international community the establishment of a permanent base on the South Orkney Islands.

WWII and postwar expansion

Little happened for the following forty years until the Second World War, when the British launched Operation Tabarin in 1943, to establish a presence on the continent. The chief reason was to establish solid British claims to various uninhabited islands and parts of Antarctica, reinforced by Argentine sympathies toward Germany.
, established in 1947
Prior to the start of the war, German aircraft had dropped markers with swastikas across Queen Maud Land in an attempt to create a territorial claim, see New Swabia. Led by Lieutenant James Marr, the 14-strong team left the Falkland Islands in two ships, HMS William Scoresby and Fitzroy, on Saturday January 29, 1944. Marr had accompanied the British explorer Sir Ernest Shackleton on his final Antarctic expedition in 1921 - 1922.
Bases were established during February near the abandoned Norwegian whaling station on Deception Island, where the Union Flag was hoisted in place of Argentine flags, and at Port Lockroy on the coast of Graham Land. A further base was founded at Hope Bay on February 13, 1945, after a failed attempt to unload stores on February 7, 1944. These bases were the first ever to be constructed on the mainland Antarctica.
Operation provoked a massive expansion in international activity after the war. Chile organized its First Chilean Antarctic Expedition in 1947–48. Among other accomplishments, it brought the Chilean president Gabriel González Videla to personally inaugurate one of its bases, thereby becoming the first head of state to set foot on the continent. Signy Research Station was established in 1947, Australia's Mawson Station in 1954, Dumont d'Urville Station was the first French station in 1956. In that same year, the United States built McMurdo Station and Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, and the Soviet Union built Mirny Station.

List of research stations

The United States maintains the southernmost Base and the largest base and research station in Antarctica, Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station. The second-southernmost base is the Chinese Kunlun Station at 80°25′02″S during the summer season, and the Russian Vostok Station at 78°27′50″S during the winter season.

Station name	LOCODE	Type	Country	Year Est.	Administered by	Location	Status & Activities	Coordinates	Time zone	Average Annual Temp °C
Aboa	AQ ABA	Summer		1988	Finnish Antarctic Research Program	Queen Maud Land	Active
Aguirre Cerda	AQ	Summer		1955	Instituto Antártico Chileno	Deception Island	Closed 1967
Amundsen–Scott South Pole	AQ AMS	Permanent		1957	United States Antarctic Program	Geographical South Pole	Active		UTC+12*	-49.5
Arctowski	AQ ARC	Permanent		1977	Polish Academy of Sciences	King George Island	Active
Arrival Heights Laboratory	AQ	Permanent		1959	Antarctica New Zealand	Ross Island	Active
Arrival Heights Satellite Station	AQ	Permanent		1959	Antarctica New Zealand	Ross Island	Active
Artigas	AQ ART	Permanent		1984	Uruguayan Antarctic Institute	King George Island	Active		UTC−3
Arturo Parodi	AQ	Summer		1999	Instituto Antártico Chileno	Ellsworth Land	Closed Relocated to Union Glacier 2014
Arturo Prat	AQ APT	Permanent		1947	Chilean Navy	Greenwich Island	Active		UTC−3	-2
Asuka	AQ	Summer		1985	National Institute of Polar Research	Queen Maud Land	Closed Unmanned activity
Beaver Lake	AQ	Summer		1995	Australian Antarctic Division	Beaver Lake	Active
Belgrano I	AQ	Permanent		1955	Instituto Antártico Argentino	Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf	Abandoned 1980		UTC−3
Belgrano II	AQ BEL	Permanent		1979	Instituto Antartico Argentino	Coats Land	Active		UTC−3	-13.3
Belgrano III	AQ	Permanent		1980	Instituto Antártico Argentino	Berkner Island	Abandoned 1984		UTC−3
Bellingshausen	AQ BHN	Permanent		1968	Russian Antarctic Expedition	King George Island	Active			-2.3
Bharati	AQ	Permanent		2012	National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research	Larsemann Hills	Active
Borga	AQ	Summer		1969	South African National Antarctic Programme	Borg Massif	Closed 1976
Brockton	AQ	Summer		1965	United States Navy	Ross Ice Shelf	Abandoned 1972
Brown	AQ	Summer		1951	Instituto Antártico Argentino	Paradise Harbor	Active		UTC−3	+2
Byrd	AQ	Permanent Summer since 1972		1957	United States Antarctic Program	Marie Byrd Land	Closed 2005			-28.1
Cámara	AQ	Summer		1953	Instituto Antartico Argentino	Half Moon Island	Active		UTC−3
Carvajal	AQ	Summer		1984	Instituto Antártico Chileno	Adelaide Island	Active
Casey	AQ CAS	Permanent		1957	Australian Antarctic Division	Vincennes Bay	Active		UTC+8	-8
Charcot	AQ	Permanent		1957	French Polar Institute	Adélie Land	Closed 1959 Abandoned
Collins	AQ	Summer		2006	Instituto Antártico Chileno	Fildes Peninsula	Active
Comandante Ferraz	AQ CFZ	Permanent		1984	Brazilian Antarctic Program	King George Island	Active		UTC−3	-1.8
Concordia	AQ CON	Permanent		2005	National Antarctic Research Program and IPEV	Dome C Antarctic Plateau	Active		UTC+10	-51.7
Dakshin Gangotri	AQ	Permanent		1984	National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research	Dakshin Gangotri Glacier	Closed 1990 Support base
Dallmann	AQ	Summer		1994	Alfred Wegener Institute	Carlini Station	Active
Davis	AQ DAV	Permanent		1957	Australian Antarctic Division	Princess Elizabeth Land	Active		UTC+7	-13.0
Deception	AQ	Summer		1948	Instituto Antartico Argentino	Deception Island	Active		UTC−3
Dirck Gerritsz Laboratory	AQ	Summer		2013	British Antarctic Survey	Rothera Station	Active			-5.3
Dobrowolski	AQ	Summer		1959	Polish Academy of Sciences	Wilkes Land	Closed 1998
Dome Fuji	AQ DMF	Summer		1995	National Institute of Polar Research	Queen Maud Land	Closed			-54.3
Drescher	AQ	Summer		1986	Alfred Wegener Institute	Queen Maud Land	Closed 2004
Druzhba	AQ	Summer		1960	Soviet Antarctic Expedition	Zavadovskiy Island	Closed 1960
Drúzhnaya 1	AQ	Summer		1975	Soviet Antarctic Expedition	Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf	Closed 1986 Lost
	AQ	Summer		1982	Soviet Antarctic Expedition	Lassiter Coast	Closed 1986
Drúzhnaya 3	AQ	Summer		1982	Soviet Antarctic Expedition	Queen Maud Land	Closed 1986
	AQ DRZ	Summer		1987	Soviet Antarctic Expedition Russian Antarctic Expedition	Princess Elizabeth Land	Closed 1995
Dumont d'Urville	AQ DDU	Permanent		1956	IPEV	Adélie Land	Active		UTC+10	-11.1
E Base	AQ	Summer		1985		Fimbul Ice Shelf	Active
East Base	AQ	Permanent		1941	United States Antarctic Service Expedition	Stonington Island	Closed 1948
Eco-Nelson	AQ	Permanent		1989	Private station	Nelson Island	Active
Eduardo Frei and Villa Las Estrellas	AQ	Permanent		1969	Chilean Air Force	King George Island	Active		UTC−3	-2.3
Eights	AQ	Permanent		1963	National Science Foundation	Queen Maud Land	Closed 1965
Ellsworth	AQ	Permanent		1957	United States Navy Instituto Antártico Argentino	Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf	Transferred to Argentina in 1959 Closed 1962			-22
Elichiribehety	AQ	Summer		1997	Uruguayan Antarctic Institute	Hope Bay	Active
Escudero	AQ ESC	Permanent		1994	Instituto Antártico Chileno	King George Island	Active		UTC−3
Esperanza	AQ ESP	Permanent		1953	Instituto Antartico Argentino	Hope Bay	Active		UTC−3	-4.6
Filchner	AQ	Summer		1982	Alfred Wegener Institute	Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf	Abandoned and lost 1999
Fossil Bluff	AQ	Permanent intermittently Summer		1961	British Antarctic Survey	Alexander Island	Active
Gabriel de Castilla	AQ GDC	Summer		1989	Spanish National Research Council	Deception Island	Active Marine biology
General Bernardo O'Higgins	AQ OHG	Permanent		1948	Chilean Army	Cape Legoupil	Active Logistics		UTC−3	-3.9
Georg Forster	AQ	Permanent		1976 1990	Alfred Wegener Institute	Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf	Closed 1993
German Antarctic Receiving Station	AQ	Permanent		1991	German Aerospace Center	Cape Legoupil	Active
Giacomo Bove	AQ BGB	Summer		1976	Private station	Italia Valley	Taken apart by the Argentine Navy 1976
Gondwana	AQ	Summer		1983	Alfred Wegener Institute	Transantarctic Mountains	Active
González Videla	AQ	Summer		1951	Chilean Air Force	Waterboat Point Graham Land	Active
Great Wall	AQ GWL	Permanent		1985	Polar Research Institute of China	King George Island	Active
Guillermo Mann	AQ	Summer		1991	Instituto Antártico Chileno	Cape Shirreff	Active
Hallett	AQ	Permanent Summer since 1964		1956	International Geophysical Year	Hallett Peninsula	Closed 1973
Halley	AQ HLY	Permanent Temporary Summer		1956	British Antarctic Survey	Brunt Ice Shelf	Active	relocated inland		-18.5
ITU PolReC	AQ	Summer	Turkey	2019	Istanbul Technical University Polar Research Center	Horseshoe Island	Active
Jang Bogo	AQ JBS	Permanent		2014	Korea Polar Research Institute	Terra Nova Bay	Active		UTC+11
Jinnah	AQ	Summer		1991	Pakistan Antarctic Programme	Sør Rondane Mountains, Queen Maud Land	Active
Juan Carlos Primero	AQ JCP	Summer		1988	Spanish National Research Council	South Bay, Livingston Island	Active		UTC−3
Jubany	AQ JUB	Permanent		1953	Instituto Antartico Argentino	King George Island	Active		UTC−3
Julio Ripamonti	AQ	Summer		1982	Instituto Antártico Chileno	Ardley Island	Active		UTC-3
King Baudouin	AQ	Permanent		1957	National Center for Polar Research	Princess Ragnhild Coast	Closed 1961 Abandoned
King Baudouin	AQ	Permanent		1964	National Center for Polar Research	Princess Ragnhild Coast	Closed 1967 Abandoned
King Sejong	AQ KSG	Permanent		1988	Korea Polar Research Institute	King George Island	Active		UTC−3
Kohnen	AQ KHN	Summer		2001	Alfred Wegener Institute	Queen Maud Land	Active
Komsomolskaya	AQ	Permanent		1957	Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute	Queen Mary Land	Closed 1962			-52
Kunlun	AQ	Summer		2009	Polar Research Institute of China	Dome A	Active
Law	AQ LAW	Summer		1986	Romanian Polar Research Institute	Larsemann Hills Princess Elizabeth Land	Active
Lázarev	AQ	Permanent		1959	Russian Antarctic Expedition	Lazarev Ice Shelf	Closed 1961 Abandoned
Lenie	AQ	Summer		1985	United States Antarctic Program	Admiralty Bay	Active
Leningradskaya	AQ	Summer		1971	Russian Antarctic Expedition	Oates Coast Victoria Land	Closed 1991			-13
Little America	AQ	Permanent		1929		Ross Ice Shelf	Lost 1987			-22
Little Rockford	AQ	Summer		1958		Marie Byrd Land	Closed 1965 Abandoned
Machu Picchu	AQ	Summer		1989	Instituto Antártico Peruano	Admiralty Bay King George Island	Active
Maitri	AQ MTR	Permanent		1989	National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research	Schirmacher Oasis	Active
Maldonado	AQ	Summer		1990	Instituto Antártico Ecuatoriano	Greenwich Island	Active
Marambio	AQ MRB	Permanent		1969	Instituto Antartico Argentino	Marambio Island	Active		UTC−3	-8.1
Mario Zucchelli	AQ MZU	Summer		1986	National Antarctic Research Program ENEA CNR	Terra Nova Bay	Active		UTC+12*
Matienzo	AQ	Summer		1961	Instituto Antartico Argentino	Graham Land	Active		UTC−3	-11.6
Maudheim	AQ	Permanent		1949	Norwegian–British–Swedish Antarctic Expedition	Queen Maud Land	Closed 1952
Mawson	AQ MAW	Permanent		1954	Australian Antarctic Division	Mac Robertson Land	Active		UTC+6	-8.3
McMurdo	AQ MCM	Permanent		1956	United States Antarctic Program	Ross Island	Active		UTC+12*	-19.7
Melchior	AQ	Summer		1947	Instituto Antartico Argentino	Melchior Islands	Active		UTC−3	-3.6
Mendel	AQ	Summer		2006	Masaryk University	James Ross Island	Active
Mir	AQ	Summer		1958 Meteo	Russian Antarctic Expedition	Drygalski Island	Closed 1960
Mirny	AQ MIR	Permanent		1956	Russian Antarctic Expedition	Davis Sea	Active			-11.3
Mizuho	AQ	Summer		1970	National Institute of Polar Research	Mizuho Plateau	Active occasionally transhipment station			-31
Molodyozhnaya	AQ	Summer		1962 reopened in 2007	Russian Antarctic Expedition	Thala Hills East Antarctica	Closed 1990 Active Meteorology			-11.0
Neumayer I	AQ NEU	Permanent		1981	Alfred Wegener Institute	Princess Martha Coast	Closed 1993
Neumayer II	AQ NEU	Permanent		1992	Alfred Wegener Institute	Queen Maud Land	Closed 2009
Neumayer III	AQ NEU	Permanent		2009	Alfred Wegener Institute	Atka Bay	Active		UTC
Norway	AQ	Permanent		1957	Sixth Norwegian Antarctic Expedition	Fimbul Ice Shelf	Closed 1960 Transferred to South Africa
Novolazarevskaya	AQ NOV	Permanent		1961	Russian Antarctic Expedition	Queen Maud Land	Active			-10.3
Oasis	AQ	Summer		1956 1959	Russian Antarctic Expedition	Bunger Hills	Active
Oazis 2	AQ	Summer		1987	Russian Antarctic Expedition	Bunger Hills	Closed 1995
Orcadas	AQ ORC	Permanent		1904	Instituto Antartico Argentino Argentine Navy	Laurie Island South Orkney Islands	Active		UTC−3	-3.0
Palmer	AQ PLM	Permanent		1968	United States Antarctic Program	Anvers Island	Active		UTC−3	-2
Petrel	AQ	Summer		1952	Instituto Antartico Argentino	Dundee Island	Active		UTC−3	-6
Pionérskaya	AQ	Permanent		1956	Russian Antarctic Expedition	Queen Mary Land	Closed 1959			-38
Plateau	AQ	Permanent		1965	United States Navy National Science Foundation	Queen Maud Land	Closed 1969			-56.7
Pobeda	AQ	Summer		1960	Russian Antarctic Expedition	Queen Mary Land	Closed 1960
Pole of inaccessibility				1958		Kemp Land	Closed 1958			-58.2
Port Martin	AQ	Permanent		1950	French Antarctic Expedition	Cape Margerie	Closed 1952
Primavera	AQ	Summer		1977	Instituto Antartico Argentino	Graham Land	Active		UTC−3
Princess Elisabeth	AQ	Summer		2007	International Polar Foundation Energy passive station.	Queen Maud Land	Reopened 23 November 2017
Progress	AQ PRO	Permanent		1988	Russian Antarctic Expedition	Prydz Bay	Active			-9.4
Risopatrón	AQ	Summer		1954	Instituto Antártico Chileno	Robert Island	Active
Rothera	AQ ROT	Permanent		1975	British Antarctic Survey	Adelaide Island	Active
Russkaya	AQ	Summer		1980 reopened in 2007	Russian Antarctic Expedition	Marie Byrd Land	Closed 1990 Active		UTC−6
Salyut	AQ	Summer		1978	Russian Antarctic Expedition	Queen Mary Land	Closed 1978
San Martín	AQ SMT	Permanent		1951	Instituto Antartico Argentino	Barry Island	Active		UTC−3	-4.6
SANAE I	AQ SNA	Permanent		1960	South African National Antarctic Programme	Fimbul Ice Shelf	Closed 1963 Abandoned
SANAE II	AQ SNA	Permanent		1971	South African National Antarctic Programme	Fimbul Ice Shelf	Closed 1979 Abandoned
SANAE III	AQ SNA	Permanent		1979	South African National Antarctic Programme	Fimbul Ice Shelf	Closed 1997 Abandoned
SANAE IV	AQ SNA	Permanent		1960 SANAE I	South African National Antarctic Programme	Vesleskarvet Queen Maud Land	Active		UTC+2
Sarie Marais	AQ	Summer		1982	South African National Antarctic Programme	Ahlmann Ridge	Closed 1999 Dismantled 2001 Geology Biology
Scott Base	AQ SBA	Permanent		1957	Antarctica New Zealand	Ross Island	Active		UTC+12	-19.6
Shirreff	AQ	Summer		1991	National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration	Cape Shirreff	Active
Signy	AQ SGN	Permanent 1947-1995 Summer since 1996		1947	British Antarctic Survey	Signy Island South Orkney Islands	Active			-3
Site 2	AQ	Summer		1957		Law Dome	Closed 1966 Abandoned Glaciology
Syowa	AQ SYW	Permanent		1957	National Institute of Polar Research	East Ongul Island	Active		UTC+3	-10.5
Siple	AQ	Summer		1973	Stanford's STAR Lab	Ellsworth Land	Closed 1988
Sobral	AQ	Permanent		1965	Instituto Antártico Argentino	Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf	Closed 1968
Sodrúzhestvo	AQ	Summer		1971	Russian Antarctic Expedition	Amery Ice Shelf	Closed 1974
South Ice	AQ	Permanent		1957	Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition	Edith Ronne Land	Closed 1958 Abandoned
Sovetskaya	AQ	Permanent		1958	Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute	Kaiser Wilhelm II Land	Closed 1959 Abandoned
Soyuz	AQ	Permanent		1982	Russian Antarctic Expedition	Prince Charles Mountains	Closed 1989		UTC+5
St. Kliment Ohridski	AQ	Summer		1988	Bulgarian Antarctic Institute	Emona Anchorage Livingston Island	Active		UTC−3
Station A	AQ	Summer		1944	United Kingdom Antarctic Heritage Trust	Goudier Island	Active
Station B	AQ	Permanent		1944	Falkland Islands and Dependencies Aerial Survey Expedition	Deception Island	Closed 1969
Station C	AQ	Summer		1946	British Antarctic Survey	Cape Geddes	Closed 1947 Abandoned
Station D	AQ	Permanent		1945	British Antarctic Survey	Hope Bay	Closed 1964
Station E	AQ	Permanent		1946	British Antarctic Survey	Stonington Island	Closed 1975
Station F	AQ	Permanent		1947	British Antarctic Survey	Galindez Island	Closed 1996			-3.3
Station G	AQ	Permanent		1947	British Antarctic Survey	Admiralty Bay	Closed 1961
Station J	AQ	Permanent		1957	British Antarctic Survey	Prospect Point	Closed 1959 Removed 2004
Station N	AQ	Permanent		1955	British Antarctic Survey	Anvers Island	Closed 1958 Demolished 1991
Station O	AQ	Permanent		1956	British Antarctic Survey	Danco Island	Closed 1959 Demolished 2004
Station P	AQ	Summer		1957	British Antarctic Survey	Mateev Cove	Closed 1958
Station T	AQ	Permanent		1961	British Antarctic Survey	Adelaide Island	Closed 1977
Station V	AQ	Permanent		1953	British Antarctic Survey	View Point	Closed 1963
Station W	AQ	Permanent		1956	British Antarctic Survey	Detaille Island	Closed 1959
Station Y	AQ	Permanent		1955 reopened 1969	British Antarctic Survey	Horseshoe Island	Closed 1960 1969
Svea	AQ	Summer		1988	Swedish Polar Research Secretariat	Queen Maud Land	Active
Taishan	AQ	Summer		2014	Polar Research Institute of China	Princess Elizabeth Land	Active
Tor	AQ TOR	Summer		1993	Norwegian Polar Institute	Queen Maud Land	Active
Troll	AQ TRL	Permanent		1990	Norwegian Polar Institute	Queen Maud Land	Active
Union Glacier	AQ	Summer		2014	Chilean Army Chilean Navy Chilean Air Force Instituto Antártico Chileno	Union Glacier	Active
Vanda	AQ	Permanent until 1974 Summer since 1976		1969	Antarctica New Zealand	Victoria Land	Active			-19.7
Vechernyaya	AQ	Summer		2007	National Academy of Sciences of Belarus	Mount Vechernyaya, Thala Hills	Active
Vernadsky	AQ VKY	Permanent		1994	National Antarctic Scientific Center of Ukraine	Galindez Island	Active		UTC−3	-3.3
Vostok	AQ VOS	Permanent		1957	Russian Antarctic Expedition	Antarctic Ice Sheet	Active		UTC+6	-55.2
Vostok I	AQ VOS	Permanent		1957	Russian Academy of Sciences	East Antarctica	Closed 1957 Abandoned
Wasa	AQ WSA	Summer		1989	Swedish Polar Research Secretariat	Queen Maud Land	Active
Weddell 1	AQ	Summer		1992	Russian Antarctic Expedition National Science Foundation	Weddell Sea	Closed 1992
World Park	AQ	Permanent		1987	Greenpeace	Cape Evans	Dismantled 1992
Yelcho	AQ	Summer		1962 reopened 2015	Instituto Antártico Chileno	South Bay Doumer Island	Active
Zhongshan	AQ ZGN	Permanent		1989	Polar Research Institute of China	Larsemann Hills Prydz Bay	Active

List of [Subantarctic] research stations

Station name	LOCODE	Type	Country	Year Est.	Administered by	Location	Status & Activities	Coordinates	Time zone
Alfred Faure	TF	Permanent		1963		Île de la Possession	Active Meteorology Seismology Biology
Bird	GS	Permanent		1957	British Antarctic Survey	Bird Island	Active Bird and seal research
Campbell	NZ	Permanent		1946	MetService	Campbell Island	Active Meteorology
Gough	SH TDC	Permanent		1956	South African Weather Service	Gough Island	Active Meteorology
King Edward Point	GS	Permanent		1950	British Antarctic Survey	King Edward Point	Active Support sustainable fishing
Macquarie	AUS	Permanent		1948	Australian Antarctic Division	Macquarie Island	Active Meteorology Biology
Marion	ZA	Permanent		1948	South African National Antarctic Programme	Prince Edward Islands	Active Meteorology Biology
Port-aux-Français	TF PFR	Permanent		1963		Kerguelen Islands	Active Meteorology Geophysics Biology

Map

This map shows permanent research stations only.

Popular movies

The Hunger Games (film) - 2012 American dystopian action thriller science fiction-adventure film directed by Gary Ross and based on Suzanne Collins’s 2008 novel of the same name. It is the first insta...
untitled Captain Marvel sequel - part of Marvel Cinematic Universe....
Killers of the Flower Moon (film project) - Killers of the Flower Moon - film project in United States of America. It was presented as drama, detective fiction, thriller. The film project starred Leonardo Dicaprio, Robert De Niro. Director of...
Five Nights at Freddy's (film) - Five Nights at Freddy's - film published in 2017 in United States of America. Scenarist of the film - Scott Cawthon....

Popular books

Book of Revelation - The Book of Revelation is the final book of the New Testament, and consequently is also the final book of the Christian Bible. Its title is derived from the first word of the Koine Greek text: apok...
Book of Genesis - account of the creation of the world, the early history of humanity, Israel's ancestors and the origins...
Gospel of Matthew - The Gospel According to Matthew is the first book of the New Testament and one of the three synoptic gospels. It tells how Israel's Messiah, rejected and executed in Israel, pronounces judgement on ...
Michelin Guide - Michelin Guides are a series of guide books published by the French tyre company Michelin for more than a century. The term normally refers to the annually published Michelin Red Guide , the oldest...
Psalms - The Book of Psalms , commonly referred to simply as Psalms , the Psalter or "the Psalms", is the first book of the Ketuvim , the third section of the Hebrew Bible, and thus a book of th...
Ecclesiastes - Ecclesiastes is one of 24 books of the Tanakh , where it is classified as one of the Ketuvim . Originally written c. 450–200 BCE, it is also among the canonical Wisdom literature of the Old Tes...
The 48 Laws of Power - non-fiction book by American author Robert Greene. The book...

Popular television series

The Crown (TV series) - historical drama web television series about the reign of Queen Elizabeth II, created and principally written by Peter Morgan, and produced by Left Bank Pictures and Sony Pictures Tel...
Friends - American sitcom television series, created by David Crane and Marta Kauffman, which aired on NBC from September 22, 1994, to May 6, 2004, lasting ten seasons. With an ensemble cast sta...
Young Sheldon - spin-off prequel to The Big Bang Theory and begins with the character Sheldon...
Modern Family - American television mockumentary family sitcom created by Christopher Lloyd and Steven Levitan for the American Broadcasting Company. It ran for eleven seasons, from September 23...
Loki (TV series) - upcoming American web television miniseries created for Disney+ by Michael Waldron, based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, shar...
Game of Thrones - American fantasy drama television series created by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss for HBO. It...
Shameless (American TV series) - American comedy-drama television series developed by John Wells which debuted on Showtime on January 9, 2011. It...