Rhabdophis subminiatus


Rhabdophis subminiatus, commonly called the red-necked keelback, is a species of venomous snake in the family Colubridae. The species is endemic to Asia.

Description

R. subminiatus has a greenish hue with red and yellow regions near the head. It grows to in total length.

Habitat and diet

The red-necked keelback generally lives near ponds, where it consumes frogs and fish.

Snakebite and venom

R. subminiatus is a rear-fanged species and was previously thought to be harmless. However, following one fatal and several near-fatal envenomations, the toxicity of its venom was investigated. As a result, it has recently been reclassified as a dangerous species. Rear-fanged snakes need to bite and hold on, or repeatedly bite, to have any effect on humans. A chewing action facilitates envenomation, as the venom ducts open to fangs that are externally grooved and are posterior in the oral cavity. R. subminiatus has enlarged and ungrooved teeth. The species has two enlarged teeth in the back of the jaw. Located in the upper jaw is a gland known as Duvernoy's gland, which produces an extremely venomous secretion.

Symptoms caused by venom

When the snake bites, the salivary venom mixture is not injected, but it flows into the punctures produced by the upper jaw's rear teeth, which can penetrate the skin of humans. The venom from R. subminiatus has been responsible for internal hemorrhaging, including hemorrhaging of the brain, as well as nausea, coagulopathy, and even disseminated intravascular coagulation. Also, when the venom was tested on animals, kidney failure was reported. Caution should be taken when dealing with patients who have been bitten by the red-necked keelback snake. No further injury such as injections should be used because this may cause excessive bleeding in the bite victim. Although most bites of humans from R. subminiatus are involved with the front teeth and do not cause adverse effects, rare bites from the rear fangs can be lethal.

Subspecies

Two subspecies are recognized as being valid, including the nominotypical subspecies.
The trinomial authority in parentheses indicates that the subspecies was originally described in a genus other than Rhabdophis.

Etymology

The subspecific name, helleri, is in honor of American zoologist Edmund Heller.

Geographic range

The red-necked keelback can be found in:
The subspecies R. s. helleri can be found in: