Schwa


In linguistics, specifically phonetics and phonology, schwa is the mid central vowel sound in the middle of the vowel chart, denoted by the IPA symbol ə|, or another vowel sound close to that position. An example in English is the vowel sound of the "a" in the word about. Schwa in English is mainly found in unstressed positions, but in some other languages it occurs more frequently as a stressed vowel.
In relation to certain languages, the name "schwa" and the symbol may be used for some other unstressed and toneless neutral vowel, not necessarily mid-central.

Etymology

The word schwa is from the Hebrew shva, the name of niqqud sign used to indicate the phoneme.
The term was introduced by German linguists in the 19th century, and so the spelling sch is German in origin. It was first used in English texts between 1890 and 1895.
The symbol was used first by Johann Andreas Schmeller for the reduced vowel at the end of the German name Gabe. Alexander John Ellis, in his palæotype alphabet, used it for the similar English sound in but.
The origin of the symbol is an e turned 180 degrees.

Description

Sometimes the term "schwa" is used for any epenthetic vowel, but some languages use different epenthetic vowels.
In English, schwa is the most common vowel sound. It is a reduced vowel in many unstressed syllables especially if syllabic consonants are not used. Depending on dialect, it may be written using any of the following letters:
Schwa is a very short neutral vowel sound, and like all other vowels, its precise quality varies depending on the adjacent consonants. In most varieties of English, schwa occurs almost exclusively in unstressed syllables.
In New Zealand English, the high front lax vowel has shifted open and back to sound like schwa, and both stressed and unstressed schwas exist. To a certain extent, that is true for South African English as well.
In General American, schwa and are the two vowel sounds that can be r-colored ; r-colored schwa is used in words with unstressed "er" syllables, such as dinner. See also stress and vowel reduction in English.
Welsh uses the letter to represent schwa, which is a phonemic vowel rather than the realisation of an unstressed vowel. The letter represents schwa in all positions except in final syllables where it represents or. For example, the word ysbyty is pronounced.
Quite a few languages have a sound similar to schwa. It is similar to a short French unaccented, which is rounded and less central, more like an open-mid or close-mid front rounded vowel. It is almost always unstressed, but Albanian, Bulgarian, Slovene and Afrikaans are some of the languages that allow stressed schwas.
In most dialects of Russian unstressed and reduce to either or schwa. In dialects of Kashubian a schwa occurs in place of the Old Polish short consonants u, i, y.
Many Caucasian languages and some Uralic languages also use phonemic schwa, and allow schwas to be stressed. In the Eastern dialects of Catalan, including the standard variety, based in the dialect spoken in and around Barcelona, an unstressed or is pronounced as a schwa. A stressed schwa can occur in the Catalan dialects spoken in the Balearic Islands, as well as in Romanian, as in mătură .
In European and some African dialects of Portuguese, the schwa occurs in many unstressed syllables that end in, such as noite, tarde, pêssego, and pecado.
In Neapolitan, a final, unstressed, and unstressed and are pronounced as a schwa: pìzza, semmàna, purtuàllo.
The inherent vowel in the Devanagari script, an abugida used to write Hindi, Marathi, Nepali and Sanskrit is a schwa, written either in isolation or word-initially.
Other characters used to represent this sound include in Armenian, in Romanian, and in Albanian. In Bulgarian Cyrillic, the letter, which has a very different orthographic function in Modern Russian, is used.
In languages such as Polish and Spanish there is no such sound that would resemble the "schwa" characteristics.
In most Sanskrit-based languages, the schwa is the implied vowel after every consonant and so has no didactic marks. For example, in Hindi, the character क is pronounced "kə" without marking, but के is pronounced "ke" with a marking.
A subscript small schwa is used in Indo-European studies.

Examples

Albanian

In Albanian, schwa is represented by the letter, which is also one of the letters of the Albanian alphabet, coming right after the letter. It can be stressed like in words i ëmbël and ëndërr .

Armenian

In Armenian, schwa is represented by the letter ը. It is occasionally word-initial but usually word-final, as a form of the definite article. Unwritten schwa sounds are also inserted to split initial consonant clusters; for example, ճնճղուկ 'sparrow'.

Azerbaijani

In the Azerbaijani alphabet, the schwa character ə is used, but to represent the æ sound.

Catalan

In Catalan, schwa is represented by the letters a or e in unstressed vowels: "pare" , "Barcelona". In the Balearic Islands, the sound is sometimes also in stressed vowels, "pera" .

Dutch

In Dutch, the digraph in the suffix -lijk, as in waarschijnlijk is pronounced as a schwa. If an falls at the ultimate place before a consonant in Dutch words and is unstressed, it becomes a schwa, as in the verb ending "-en" and the diminutive suffix "-tje".

Korean

The schwa is rarely used in Korean phonology. It is an alternative form of ʌ. For example, 호떡 .

Madurese

In Madurese, some words with /a/, usually in nonfinal position, would be pronounced as the schwa. When writing Madurese in its traditional abugida, Hanacaraka, words as such would not be written with a vowel diacritic that denote that it is a schwa. Nowadays, even after the Madurese people have adopted the Latin alphabet, such writing fashion is still used.
Example -
In the Indonesian variant, schwa is always unstressed except for Jakarta-influenced informal Indonesian whose schwa can be stressed. In final closed syllables in the formal register, the vowel is a. In some cases, the vowel a is pronounced as a stressed schwa, but never in formal speech:
Indonesian orthography formerly used unmarked only for the schwa sound, and the full vowel /e/ was written. Malaysian orthography, on the other hand, formerly indicated the schwa with , and unmarked stood for /e/.
In the 1972 spelling reform that unified Indonesian and Malaysian spelling conventions, it was agreed to use neither diacritic. There is no longer an orthographic distinction between /ə/ and /e/; both are spelled with an unmarked. This means that the pronunciation of any given letter e in both Indonesian and Malaysian variants is not immediately obvious to the learner and must be learned separately. However, in a number of Indonesian dictionaries and lesson books for foreign learners, the notation is preserved to help learners. For example, the word for 'wheeled vehicle' in Indonesia and Malaysia, which was formerly spelled keréta in Indonesia and kĕreta in Malaysia, is now spelled kereta in both countries.
In Southern Malaysian pronunciation, which is predominant in common Malaysian media, the final letter -a represents schwa, and final -ah stands for /a/. The dialect of Kedah in northern Malaysia, however, pronounces final -a as /a/ also. In loanwords, a nonfinal short /a/ may become schwa in Malay such as Mekah.

Norwegian

In Norwegian, the schwa is often found in the last syllable of definite, masculine nouns, as in mannen , as well as in infinitive verbs like bite .

Romanian

In Romanian, schwa is represented by the letter Ă, ă, which is considered a letter on its own. It can be stressed in words in which it is the only vowel such as "păr" or "văd" . Some words which also contain other vowels can have the stress on ă: "cărțile" and "odăi" .

Serbo-Croatian

In Serbo-Croatian, schwa is not a phoneme, but it is often colloquially used to pronounce names of consonants. For example, the official name of the letter is pronounced, but in everyday speech, it is often called.

Welsh

The schwa is denoted in Welsh by the letter 'y'. It is a very common letter as 'y' is the definite article with 'yr' being the definite article if the following word starts with a vowel.

Schwa syncope

In phonology, syncope is the process of deleting unstressed sounds, particularly unstressed vowels. Across languages, schwa vowels are commonly deleted in some instances, such as in Hindi, North American English, French and Modern Hebrew.

Hindi

Although the Devanagari script is used as a standard to write Modern Hindi, the schwa implicit in each consonant of the script is "obligatorily deleted" at the end of words and in certain other contexts. The phenomenon has been termed the "schwa deletion rule" of Hindi. One formalization of the rule has been summarized as ə -> ø | VC_CV. In other words, when a vowel-preceded consonant is followed by a vowel-succeeded consonant, the schwa inherent in the first consonant is deleted. However, the formalization is inexact and incomplete and so can yield errors. Schwa deletion is computationally important because it is essential to building text-to-speech software for Hindi.
As a result of schwa syncope, the correct Hindi pronunciation of many words differs from that expected from a literal rendering of Devanagari. For instance, राम is Rām, रचना is Rachnā, वेद is Vēd and नमकीन is Namkīn.
Correct schwa deletion is critical also because the same Devanagari letter sequence can sometimes be pronounced two different ways in Hindi depending on the context: failure to delete the appropriate schwas can then change the meaning. For instance, the sequence धड़कने in दिल धड़कने लगा and in दिल की धड़कनें is identical prior to the nasalization in the second usage. However, it is pronounced dhadak.ne in the first and dhad.kaneṁ in the second.
While native speakers correctly pronounce the sequence differently in different contexts, non-native speakers and voice-synthesis software can make them "sound very unnatural", making it "extremely difficult for the listener" to grasp the intended meaning.

American English

Some forms of American English have the tendency to delete a schwa when it appears in a midword syllable that comes after the stressed syllable. Kenstowicz states, "American English schwa deletes in medial posttonic syllables". He gives as examples words such as seprate, choclate, camra and elabrate, where the schwa has a tendency to be deleted. Other examples include famly, evry, and diffrent.

French

Schwa is deleted in certain positions in French.