In calculus, a branch of mathematics, the notions of one-sided differentiability and semi-differentiability of a real-valued functionf of a real variable are weaker than differentiability. Specifically, the functionf is said to be right differentiable at a point a if, roughly speaking, a derivative can be defined as the function's argument x moves to a from the right, and left differentiable at a if the derivative can be defined as x moves to a from the left.
One-dimensional case
In mathematics, a left derivative and a right derivative are derivatives defined for movement in one direction only by the argument of a function.
Definitions
Let f denote a real-valued function defined on a subset I of the real numbers. If is a limit point of and the one-sided limit exists as a real number, then f is called right differentiable at a and the limit ∂+f is called the right derivative of f at a. If is a limit point of and the one-sided limit exists as a real number, then f is called left differentiable at a and the limit ∂–f is called the left derivative of f at a. If is a limit point of and and if f is left and right differentiable at a, then f is called semi-differentiable at a. If the left and right derivatives are equal, then they have the same value as the usual derivative. One can also define a symmetric derivative, which equals the arithmetic mean of the left and right derivatives, so the symmetric derivative may exist when the usual derivative does not.
An example of a semi-differentiable function, which is not differentiable, is the absolute value at a = 0.
If a function is semi-differentiable at a point a, it implies that it is continuous at a.
The indicator function 10,∞) is right differentiable at every real a, but discontinuous at zero.
Application
If a real-valued, [differentiable function f, defined on an interval I of the real line, has zero derivative everywhere, then it is constant, as an application of the mean value theorem shows. The assumption of differentiability can be weakened to continuity and one-sided differentiability of f. The version for right differentiable functions is given below, the version for left differentiable functions is analogous.
Another common use is to describe derivatives treated as binary operators in infix notation, in which the derivatives is to be applied either to the left or right operands. This is useful, for example, when defining generalizations of the Poisson bracket. For a pair of functions f and g, the left and right derivatives are respectively defined as In bra–ket notation, the derivative operator can act on the right operand as the regular derivative or on the left as the negative derivative.
This above definition can be generalized to real-valued functions f defined on subsets of Rn using a weaker version of the directional derivative. Let a be an interior point of the domain of f. Then f is called semi-differentiable at the point a if for every direction u ∈ Rn the limit exists as a real number. Semi-differentiability is thus weaker than Gateaux differentiability, for which one takes in the limit above h → 0 without restricting h to only positive values. For example, the function is semi-differentiable at, but not Gateaux differentiable there.
