SmY RNA


SmY ribonucleic acids are a family of small nuclear RNAs found in some species of nematode worms. They are thought to be involved in mRNA trans-splicing.
SmY RNAs are about 70–90 nucleotides long and share a common secondary structure, with two stem-loops flanking a consensus binding site for Sm protein. Sm protein is a shared component of spliceosomal snRNPs.
s found in each species. Gene numbers are based on computational analysis of genome assemblies; in some cases these are draft genomes that may be incomplete.
SmY RNAs have been found in nematodes of class Chromadorea, which includes the most commonly studied nematodes, but not in the more distantly related Trichinella spiralis in class Dorylaimia. The number of SmY genes in each species varies, with most Caenorhabditis and Pristionchus species having 10–26 related paralogous copies, while other nematodes have 1–5.

Discovery

The first SmY RNA was discovered in 1996 in purified Ascaris lumbricoides spliceosome preparations, as was another called SmX RNA that is not detectably homologous to SmY. Twelve SmY homologs were identified computationally in Caenorhabditis elegans, and ten in Caenorhabditis briggsae. Several transcripts from these SmY genes were cloned and sequenced in a systematic survey of small non-coding RNA transcripts in C. elegans.
A systematic survey of 2,2,7-trimethylguanosine 5' capped transcripts in C.elegans using anti TMG antibodies identified two TMG capped SmY transcripts. Sequence analysis of the potential Sm binding sites in these transcripts indicated the SmY, U5 snRNA, U3 snoRNA and the spliced leader RNAs transcripts all contain a very similar consensus SM binding sequence . The predicted SM binding sites identified in the U1, U2 and U4 snRNA transcripts varied from this consensus.

Function

In C. elegans, SmY RNAs copurify with spliceosome and with Sm, SL75p, and SL26p proteins, while the better-characterized C. elegans SL1 trans-splicing snRNA copurifies in a complex with Sm, SL75p, and SL21p. Loss of function of either SL21p or SL26p individually causes only a weak cold-sensitive phenotype, whereas knockdown of both is lethal, as is a SL75p knockdown. Based on these results, the SmY RNAs are believed to have a function in trans-splicing.