The Crystal Maze
The Crystal Maze is a British game show devised by Jacques Antoine, in which a team of contestants take on a range of challenges set within a labyrinth of the same name consisting of four time zones, winning a "time crystal" for each one they successfully complete. Reaching the centrepiece of the Maze, "The Crystal Dome", the team work together collecting a certain amount of gold tokens to win a prize, with the allotted time inside the Dome being determined by the number of crystals they obtained in the previous zones.
Broadcast on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom, The Crystal Maze was originally aired over six series and five Christmas specials between 15 February 1990 to 10 August 1995; the first four series and three specials were hosted by Richard O'Brien, with the remaining two series and specials hosted by Edward Tudor-Pole. The show's format is an adapted version of the French game show Fort Boyard, also created by Antoine.
In October 2016, Stephen Merchant hosted a one-off celebrity edition of the show for Stand Up to Cancer. Channel 4 announced the return of the show a month later, to be hosted by Richard Ayoade and featuring a revamped format. The broadcaster commissioned twenty episodes for the 2017 series, which consisted of fifteen civilian episodes and five celebrity specials. On 22 January 2018, a second series was commissioned with twelve episodes, which consisted of six civilian episodes and six celebrity specials. On 7 March 2018, the revival began airing in Australia on SBS Viceland.
In March 2016, The Crystal Maze Live Experience opened, allowing the public to buy tickets and compete in a replica of the game show's zones and challenges. On 3 June 2019, it was announced that a 10-episode American version of the show had been commissioned by Nickelodeon with filming taking place in Bristol during the summer.
Creation
A non-televised pilot of Fort Boyard was filmed in London, as it became apparent that the fortress used by the TV game show on the west coast of France would be unavailable for filming due to its ongoing refurbishments in 1989. The pilot made at Elstree Studios, using a basic replica set funded by Channel 4, wasn't deemed successful as considerable changes were required to the French-owned format in order for it to suit a UK audience.However, as Channel 4 had commissioned Chatsworth Television to produce for a full series, its producer Malcolm Heyworth contacted Fort Boyard's creator, Jacques Antoine, about developing an alternative format with a proposal that it used themed zones as a means of keeping the show visually fresh. During a visit to Paris, the producers were taken to a warehouse in which stood a full-size Crystal Dome created by the French. Antoine showed the British producers a rough sketch of a set design with the dome in the middle of four other sets. This was used as inspiration for the concept of The Crystal Maze which was developed in just "two days", creating a show which although similar to Fort Boyard, was substantially different in presentation and style. According to Richard O'Brien, who was selected to be the host for this project, the original outlined concept was "kind of like "Dungeons and Dragons", with the host acting as the "Dungeon master".
It was later adapted in France for children under the title of :fr:Les Mondes fantastiques#Histoire|Les Mondes fantastiques and broadcast from 9 September 1992 to 15 November 1995 on France 3.
Format
Each team that compete on The Crystal Maze undertake a series of challenges. Teams begin at a pre-determined zone, whereupon they compete in a finite number of games in each zone, accruing as many time crystals as they can before travelling to the large "Crystal Dome" at the centre of the maze to meet their final challenge. Upon entering a game's cell, the objective is usually determined by either a clear written message or cryptic clue. The remainder of the team watch their progress either through a cell's windows or monitors depending on the zone aesthetic, and may give advice to the contestant unless stipulated otherwise. The host will serve reminders of the time limit and of any special rules, and generally will not give hints unless the contestant is struggling badly.Each game falls under one of four categories:
| Category | Description |
| Mental and memory skill ranging from simple brainteasers, to acute memory and 2D/3D puzzles. | |
| Testing a contestant's problem solving abilities ranging from treasure hunts to large-scale mazes. | |
| Testing a contestant's physical abilities ranging from obstacle courses, to lifting, using, cranking, or manipulating objects. | |
| Testing a contestant's dexterity, accuracy and eye–hand coordination ranging from target-shooting, timing tests, to vehicle driving. |
Each game presents the potential of being locked within a game's cell. If locked in, the contestant is unable to take any further part in proceedings unless they are released by their team captain at the cost of an earned Crystal. If the team's captain is locked in, the vice-captain takes over and may select a new vice-captain to replace them and so on. Reduction in team members poses an increased difficulty for future games and at their final challenge.
There are two ways a lock-in can occur in The Crystal Maze, if a contestant exceeds their time limit within the cell or an "automatic lock-in" where they breach a game's special rules or restrictions, irrespective of their progress in obtaining the crystal. This is outlined prior to a contestant entering the cell by the Maze Master.
Once the team arrives at the Crystal Dome, they are told how much time that they have to complete the final challenge, based on the number of crystals they have brought with them. At this point, the team enter the Dome, and upon the challenge beginning, they must collect as many gold foil tokens as they can and deposit them into a container along a wall of the Dome, while avoiding any silver tokens mixed in with them; these are blown about by fans beneath the floor of the Dome. Once time is up, the fans are switched off and no more tokens can be deposited into the container; a slot is opened during the challenge, which closes up when the time is up. Once the team is outside the dome, they, along with any members who were not present for the final challenge, are given the tally of their efforts by the host. If the team accumulate a total of 100 gold tokens or more, after deduction of any silver tokens, the team wins the grand prize that they chose for themselves before partaking in the show. All contestants who participate in the show win a commemorative crystal saying "I Cracked the Crystal Maze", which acts as a consolation prize if a team fails to secure the required number of gold tokens.
Original series
During the run of the original series between 1990 and 1995, teams consisted of three men and three women, each aged between 16 and 40, who were put together by the production team and did not know each other before appearing on the show From their pre-determined starting zone, teams either travelled clockwise or counter-clockwise around the maze, engaging in at least three games in each zone, sometimes being given the opportunity to play a fourth game in a zone during their trip around the maze. Between the first and fourth series, the total number of games that could be played varied between 14 and 16 per episode, but for the fifth and sixth series, the number of games played was reduced to standard of 13. Throughout the run, 3D maps of varying sophistication were used to highlight where the host and team were. Until the end of the third series, each contestant on the team could win a prize for themselves that they chose at a later date, if the team succeeded at collecting 100 or more gold tokens, but from the fourth series, this format was changed to the team choosing a prize that they shared together if they won the final challenge. During the first series, a runner-up prize could also be chosen by each member of a team, which they won if the final tally of tokens was between 50 and 99, but this format was dropped by the start of the second series.During the Christmas specials, the teams consisted of similar setup, with each aged between 8 and 16, and selected by the production team. While the format was similar to the adult version, there were notable differences, such as easier games with fewer chances of a lock-in, more lenient time limits and additional clues from the host. The prize would always be awarded at the end, irrespective of achievement.
Revived series
Following the one-off Stand Up to Cancer edition, Channel 4 revived the show featuring the original setup of zones, the same map design from the SU2C special, and a newly designed taller set. The format of the show was revamped to have five contestants who have a prior connection and a reduction in games to ten.In a similar vein to the 2016 SU2C special, a series of celebrity episodes was initially broadcast. The contestants taking part were given an extra crystal upon reaching the Dome to add to those that they had brought, and would earn cash for Stand Up to Cancer depending on how many gold tokens they got, after deduction of silver £5,000 for less than 50 gold tokens, £10,000 for 50 to 99 tokens, and £20,000 for 100 or more tokens.
The 2019 series introduces the "Mega Crystal", a noticeably larger version of the Crystals within the Maze. The team has one opportunity to earn the Mega Crystal, and the team captain decides before each game whether they want that game to be played for the Mega Crystal. If the team earns the Mega Crystal, it grants them ten seconds of time in the Crystal Dome.
Hosts
Throughout its history, The Crystal Maze has been presented by a series of hosts known as Maze Masters. Each takes on the role of the Maze's custodian responsible for guiding each team around the various zones, keeping them updated on their progress, leading each nominated team member to the respective games, acting as the timekeeper on all games and the final challenge at the Dome, and taking safe custody of each crystal won by the team.The short monologue to camera scenes originated when O'Brien began joking with the cameramen during filming of an episode. When the production team reviewed the footage and realized what it could bring to the show they "asked him to do it all the time", to which O'Brien felt that looking straight at the camera, "unknowingly added a complicity between me and the audience at home". However, he also "often appeared detached from proceedings, bordering on deadpan", Each successive host has continued these monologues, adding their own variant to the show.
| Name | Active | Notes |
| 1990 – 1993 | The first host, O'Brien often wore a long fur coat, paired with a brightly colored shirt, skinny-fit trousers, a shaved head and long, sleek leather boots, and brought to the show a unique style of presenting, displaying an "infectious... enthusiasm and manic energy" to his role. He was always broadly welcoming and encouraging to teams, being congratulatory on their successes, but would show visible frustration with a contestant for a particularly sub-standard attempt at a game, and would encourage them to use their allotted time effectively. During a game, O'Brien would produce a harmonica from his pocket during a game, and played one short and repetitive tune which he called "excitement music". On a number of occasions, he would 'find' other musical instruments in the maze, which were used to showcase his talents, even occasionally breaking into song. O'Brien would often comment that he built the games and would adapt them for future teams if a game was beaten quickly. At the start of the series five Christmas special, O'Brien departed the series to start a new life in California with Mumsie. | |
| Ed Tudor-Pole | 1993 – 1995 | The second host, Tudor-Pole, wore an elaborate waistcoat and tunic, off-white sleeves and trousers, and long black boots, in a similar style to his predecessor, with his look having been described as "Georgian". While his style of hosting had the similar energetic style to O'Brien's, it was less detached, with Tudor-Pole being more sympathetic towards contestants, and often talking up the 'time travel' elements of the show, with the inclusion of nonsense words, such as "trignification" to describe the process of travelling between time zones, providing fictitious backstories of each zone while often referring to unseen companions in the maze, such as his horse "Bert" in Medieval Zone, and "Starbuck", a deranged cat, who lives in Ocean Zone. According to h2g2, "pale and looking a little emaciated, Ed Tudor-Pole gave The Crystal Maze a dark and intimidating feeling". |
| 2016 | The third host, appearing in a one-off edition for Stand Up to Cancer in 2016. Merchant wore a blue dress suit, red waistcoat and white shirt with a floral neckerchief. His style of presentation involved quirky jokes about real-life events and a cheerful demeanor with the contestants. Merchant was asked to reprise his role when a full series was commissioned, but turned it down due to other commitments. |
| Name | Active | Notes |
| Richard Ayoade | The fourth host, Ayoade is dressed in a smart, colourful suit, wearing his trademark glasses and carrying "The Hand" a wooden effigy of a hand on the end of a stick which changes based on whether the contestants are civilians or celebrities. His style of presenting is described as being "a more cerebral and intense version" of his The IT Crowd character, Maurice Moss, using acronyms such as "ALIS", and being aware that the show is entirely fictitious, with jokes being at the expense of the production values and editing of contestants when wearing safety gear. Ayoade will frequently refer to contestants by their initials, colour jumpsuit or coin a nickname based on their performance in the Maze. | |
| Adam Conover | The first host of the American version, Conover is dressed in a tailor-made suit with a brooch on his left lapel. In the show, Conover describes his role as an "ageless trickster spirit" who actively encourages teams, and is inquisitive about their lives before entering the Maze. Throughout the show, Conover tells the audience and teams a combination of real and fictitious tales of events that happened in each zone similar to his role on Adam Ruins Everything. |
Other characters
Whilst the Maze is home to the Maze Master, several original characters have appeared whether as part of a particular game such as a jailor, guard and tribal priest, or are otherwise fictionalized within a respective zone. Notable characters include:- Mumsie and Auntie Sabrina Portrayed by Sandra Caron, Mumsie is a genial fortune teller during O'Brien's tenure, hosting a recurring mental game in the Medieval Zone that involved brain teaser questions; Caron portrayed Mumsie for the first, second and fourth series of the original run, and Auntie Sabrina for the third series, who was described by O'Brien as taking over while his Mumsie was away. Both characters were portrayed as friendly to the contestants, with Mumsie sometimes being overly motherly with O'Brien, and often talked about her affair she was having with a man called "Ralph" to both the contestants and audience during the first and second series, showing disapproval of her next affair with man called "Dwayne" during the fourth series. Mumsie departed with O'Brien at the start of the fifth series. In The Crystal Maze Live Experience, Mumsie is an unseen character which the Maze Master communicates with through an earpiece.
- The Computer An operating system for the Futuristic Zone is situated within; if the team's starting point is this zone, the computer provides a question for the team that they must answer correctly to gain entry into the Maze. During O'Brien's tenure, the computer had a male voice and usually acted antagonistically towards him. During Tudor-Pole's tenure, the computer adopted a female voice and was named Barbara. In Ayoade's tenure, the computer retains a female voice but no other personality traits are shown, only speaking when a team seeks entry to the maze.
- The Riddle Master Portrayed by Adam Buxton, the Riddle Master, credited as Jarhead, is a head that resides in a glass jar who creates Crystals by mixing potions using telekinesis when a contestant completes his game. Though primarily in the Futuristic zone, he has appeared in other zones where his jar changes aesthetic. He has a friendly, though seemingly subservient, relationship to Ayoade.
- Knight Marion Portrayed by Jessica Hynes, Marion is a King's Knight and guard of the Medieval Zone who wears oversized battle armour, carries a large sword, and grants entry. She was known to ask Ayoade to attend events with her, which he rebuffed. When Medieval was replaced with Eastern, she did not return.
Filming
The set
Every episode, with the exception of the 2016 special, is filmed on a very large custom built set. The set, designed by James Dillon for both the original run and the revived series, is divided into five parts, four of which are named as zones, set in different periods of time and space, which house the games that contestants take on, while the final part, called the Crystal Dome, houses the final challenge that the team tackle together towards the end of the episode. The theme of each zone is not only reflected via its time period, but also in the time-keeping devices, the design of the games, and how the host and team entered and moves between the zones. As of 2019, six zones have been used within the Maze.Current zones
As of 2019, the zones used are;Former zones
Location
For the first series, the show was filmed at Shepperton Studios, within a stage set measuring and containing a water tank on-site. After the first series, the production team decided to expand the maze, relocating the set to an adapted aircraft hangar, Hangar 6, operated by Aces High Studios at North Weald Airfield in Essex. After the show ended in 1995, when Channel 4's contract with producers Chatsworth TV expired, the set was eventually dismantled. When the broadcaster decided to make a one-off edition of the show for Stand Up for Cancer in 2016, the episode was filmed at The Crystal Maze live immersive experience in London, as it was no longer possible to use the original set. When Channel 4 made the decision to revive the show for a full series in November 2016, James Dillon was asked to design a new set at a warehouse at The Bottle Yard Studios in Bristol. Dillon went back to his original plans and sketches but took the opportunity to build and expand on several of his original ideas and concepts. The most drastic change is that the Crystal Dome is actually located in a separate part of the studio; originally its proximity to the Aztec zone caused a problem with sand contaminating the Dome area.Theme tune
The theme tune for The Crystal Maze was composed by Zack Laurence and is entitled "Force Field". It was used through all six original series, with an updated version being used for the new series. The original track is one minute and five seconds long; however it was shortened for the opening and ending titles. Likewise, the new re-recorded version of the theme lasts for 33 seconds. The "Underscore" remix of the theme tune played during the show itself was also composed by Laurence.Reception
At its most popular, viewing figures regularly scored over 4 million, peaking at 5.9 million in 1992 when the show was nominated for its first BAFTA award. Three other BAFTA nominations followed in subsequent years with a Royal Television Society award nomination in 1995.Although not originally envisioned as a children's show over 40% of the shows viewers were under 16, a surprise to the crew and O'Brien, who adapted his performance accordingly, forcing himself to think more like a child.
Contemporary commentary has often suggested that this aspect of O'Brien's performance was the show's biggest attraction. Praising his zaney style and describing him as "a fearless adventurer with a wink and a smile and a verbal knife in the back of those poor saps ... His style and wit was sardonic, yet never exclusionary, and pointed, yet never bitter". In 2012 The Guardian's TV & Radio Blog listed O'Brien as one of the six "most loved" game show hosts, describing him as "an unconventional choice for an unconventional series... looked more like a dandy gazelle than a game show host". The same commentary has also suggested Tudor-Pole had an almost impossible task in living up to O'Brien's popularity. The Guardian claimed "It was no surprise that the show went downhill after exit."
The show has had a lasting impact and influence on British television, becoming what has been described as a cult classic due to repeats; the makers of the children's TV show Jungle Run openly acknowledge The Crystal Maze as an influence, particularly the final host, Michael Underwood, who was the team captain in the first Christmas special. The perceived stupidity of the contestants was the target of various British comedy shows and spoofs, a trend which continued well into the mid 2000s.
Merchandise
Home Entertainment
A single player computer game based on The Crystal Maze was developed by Digital Jellyfish Design and released in 1993. A game for mobiles was released in 2008, and later for iOS in 2010.In 1991, MB Games released a board game loosely based upon the show. The concept of the game differed significantly from the show with players competing against each other as opposed to the co-operative style of the TV show.
For the revived series, Rascals Products Limited produced a new board game. The game itself features sixteen challenges which can be played either individually or as a team, with an optional timer to use on smartphones and tablets. In 2019 an expansion for the Eastern zone was released which can replace any existing zone on the main board and comes with four new games.
The Crystal Maze Live Experience
In June 2015, the interactive theatre production company Little Lion Entertainment announced that a "live immersive experience" of The Crystal Maze would be taking place in late 2015, funded successfully through an Indiegogo crowdfunding campaign. Located in central London, the Live Experience admits members of the public, who can buy tickets and play the show for themselves. In the Live Experience, Richard O'Brien is shown leaving the Maze to "the new custodian" who guides the team. In the London experience, four teams enter the maze at separate locations, and rotate around the four zones simultaneously before competing against each other in The Crystal Dome. In the Manchester experience, the zones are split in two parts, and the teams move through the maze one after the other, such that each half-zone always has one team in it. Like the London Maze, teams compete for the high score in the Crystal Dome, by collecting as many gold tokens as possible, but unlike in London, the teams never meet or compete against one another. The group secured a venue for the Maze in the King's Cross area in late 2015, and it opened for contestants on 15 March 2016. In November 2016 another live experience in Manchester at the Granada Studios opened to the public in April 2017.The Cyberdrome Crystal Maze
The Cyberdrome Crystal Maze was an attraction usually found in bowling alleys and video arcades in the UK. It allowed entrants an opportunity to play the Crystal Maze in a computerised format. As this feature lacked a host, rules regarding lock ins were changed. The locations of the Cyberdromes were Blackpool, Pembrokeshire, Southampton, Coventry, and Maidenhead with an additional location in Japan.Quiz machines
licensed a number of popular SWP gambling machines based on the TV series. In 2009, created a 3D video version for the UK SWP market. Remaining true to the original show, using touch screen technology, the game achieved widespread coverage in the UK and remains one of the most popular SWP games launched.Literature
| Release name | UK release date | Author | Publisher | Notes | Ref |
| The Crystal Maze | 15 February 1990 | Peter Arnold and Gill Brown | Time Warner Paperbacks | Re-released 1 October 1990 | |
| Crystal Maze Adventure Gamebook | 7 February 1991 | Dave Morris and Jamie Thomson | Mammoth | New edition | |
| Crystal Maze Challenge! | 21 May 1992 | Dave Morris and Jamie Thomson | Mammoth | 1st Edition 21 May 1992 | |
| The Crystal Thief | 15 April 1993 | Peter Arnold | Mammoth | Puzzle Books | |
| Tea at Rick's | 15 April 1993 | Peter Arnold | Mammoth | Puzzle Books | |
| The Sacred Necklace | 16 December 1993 | Peter Arnold | Mammoth, London | Puzzle Book | |
| Phantom in the Tower | 16 December 1993 | Peter Arnold | Mammoth, London | Puzzle Book | |
| The Crystal Maze | 1994 | Unknown | Mammoth | ||
| Crystal Maze Mystery Pack | 25 February 1994 | Peter Arnold | Heinemann Library | ||
| The Crystal Maze Puzzle Book | 13 June 1994 | Peter Arnold | Mammoth | ||
| The Crystal Maze Puzzle Book: Bk. 2 | 30 October 1995 | Peter Arnold | Mammoth | Puzzle Book | |
| Crystal Maze A1 Poster | 13 June 1996 | - | Mammoth | Hardcover | |
| The Crystal Maze Challenge: Let The Games Begin! | 19 August 2017 | Neale Simpson | Headline | Hardcover |
VHS releases
In 1994, a video cassette, The Best of The Crystal Maze was released by Wienerworld Presentation. The video included three episodes: the 1992 and 1993 Christmas specials, and an episode from Series 4. It also featured the clip of O'Brien and Mumsey leaving the maze.| Release name | UK release date |
| The Best of Crystal Maze | 16 May 1994 |
Transmissions
Civilian
Christmas
For the original run of the series, a Christmas special was filmed and featured younger contestants. In the revived series, a team of celebrities take part wherein the Maze has been given a Christmas aesthetic.| Date | Presenter |
| 1 January 1991 | Richard O'Brien |
| 24 December 1991 | Richard O'Brien |
| 27 December 1992 | Richard O'Brien |
| 24 December 1993 | Ed Tudor-Pole |
| 24 December 1994 | Ed Tudor-Pole |
| 14 December 2017 | Richard Ayoade |
| 26 December 2018 | Richard Ayoade |
| 23 December 2019 | Richard Ayoade |
Celebrity
| Series | Start date | End date | Episodes | Presenter |
| 1 | 23 June 2017 | 13 July 2017 | 4 | Richard Ayoade |
| 2 | 8 June 2018 | 6 July 2018 | 5 | Richard Ayoade |
| 3 | 21 June 2019 | 26 July 2019 | 6 | Richard Ayoade |
Stand Up to Cancer
| Date | Presenter |
| 16 October 2016 | Stephen Merchant |
American adaptation
On June 3, 2019, it was announced that an American version of the show would premiere on Nickelodeon and feature family members competing for $25,000. The ten-episode season was filmed in the same location as the British edition. In December 2019, it was announced that comedian Adam Conover would be the Maze Master of the version. It debuted with a commercial-free premiere which aired on January 24, 2020.Each team plays a total of eight games in the maze. The Mega Crystal introduced in 2019 in the original series is available in any game after the first. If a team finishes the Crystal Dome with a positive total of gold tokens, they win $100 per gold after deductions for silver tokens, and the full $25,000 for a net result of 100 gold tokens or more.
Episodes
| Ep # | Title | Airdate |