This (computer programming)


this, self, and Me are keywords used in some computer programming languages to refer to the object, class, or other entity of which the currently running code is a part. The entity referred to by these keywords thus depends on the execution context. Different programming languages use these keywords in slightly different ways. In languages where a keyword like "this" is mandatory, the keyword is the only way to access data and methods stored in the current object. Where optional, they can disambiguate variables and functions with the same name.

Object-oriented programming

In many object-oriented programming languages, this is a variable that is used in instance methods to refer to the object on which they are working. The first OO language, SIMULA 67, used this to explicitly reference the local object. C++ and languages which derive in style from it also generally use this. Smalltalk and others, such as Object Pascal, Perl, Python, Ruby, Rust, Objective-C, DataFlex and Swift, use self. Microsoft's Visual Basic uses Me.
The concept is similar in all languages: this is usually an immutable reference or pointer which refers to the current object; the current object often being the code that acts as 'parent' to the property, method, sub-routine or function that contains the this keyword. After an object is properly constructed, or instantiated, this is always a valid reference. Some languages require it explicitly; others use lexical scoping to use it implicitly to make symbols within their class visible. Or alternatively, the current object referred to by this may be an independent code object that has called the function or method containing the keyword this. Such a thing happens, for example, when a JavaScript event handler attached to an HTML tag in a web page calls a function containing the keyword this stored in the global space outside the document object; in that context, this will refer to the page element within the document object, not the enclosing window object.
In some languages, for example C++ and Java, this or self is a keyword, and the variable automatically exists in instance methods. In others, for example Python, Rust, and Perl 5, the first parameter of an instance method is such a reference. It needs to be specified explicitly. In Python and Perl, the parameter need not necessarily be named this or self; it can be named freely by the programmer like any other parameter. However, by informal convention, the first parameter of an instance method in Perl or Python is named self. Rust requires the self object to be called &self or self, depending on whether the invoked function borrows the invocant, or moves it in, respectively.
Static methods in C++ or Java are not associated with instances but classes, and so cannot use this, because there is no object. In other languages, such as Ruby, Smalltalk, Objective-C, or Swift, the method is associated with a class object that is passed as this, and they are called class methods. For class methods, Python uses cls to access to the class object.

Subtleties and difficulties

When lexical scoping is used to infer this, the use of this in code, while not illegal, may raise warning bells to a maintenance programmer, although there are still legitimate uses of this in this case, such as referring to instance variables hidden by local variables of the same name, or if the method wants to return a reference to the current object, i.e. this, itself.
In some compilers, pointers to C++ instance methods can be directly cast to a pointer of another type, with an explicit this pointer parameter.

Open recursion

The dispatch semantics of this, namely that method calls on this are dynamically dispatched, is known as open recursion, and means that these methods can be overridden by derived classes or objects. By contrast, direct named recursion or anonymous recursion of a function uses closed recursion, with early binding. For example, in the following Perl code for the factorial, the token __SUB__ is a reference to the current function:

use feature ":5.16";
sub

By contrast, in C++ the this binds to the object itself, but if the class method was declared "virtual" i.e. polymorphic in the base, it's resolved via dynamic dispatch so that derived classes can override it.

unsigned int factorial

This example is artificial, since this is direct recursion, so overriding the factorial method would override this function; more natural examples are when a method in a derived class calls the same method in a base class, or in cases of mutual recursion.
The fragile base class problem has been blamed on open recursion, with the suggestion that invoking methods on this default to closed recursion rather than open recursion, only using open recursion when it is specifically requested; external calls would be dynamically dispatched as usual. The way this is solved in practice in the JDK is through a certain programmer discipline; this discipline has been formalized by C. Ruby and G. T. Leavens; it basically consists of the following rules:

C++

Early versions of C++ would let the this pointer be changed; by doing so a programmer could change which object a method was working on. This feature was eventually removed, and now this in C++ is an.
Early versions of C++ did not include references and it has been suggested that had they been so in C++ from the beginning, this would have been a reference, not a pointer.
C++ lets objects destroy themselves with the source code statement: delete this.

C#

The keyword this in C# works the same way as in Java, for reference types. However, within C# value types, this has quite different semantics, being similar to an ordinary mutable variable reference, and can even occur on the left side of an assignment.
One use of this in C# is to allow reference to an outer field variable within a method that contains a local variable that has the same name. In such a situation, for example, the statement var n = localAndFieldname; within the method will assign the type and value of the local variable localAndFieldname to n, whereas the statement var n = this.localAndFieldname; will assign the type and value of the outer field variable to n.

D

In D this in a class, struct or union method refers to an immutable reference of the instance of the enclosing aggregate. Classes are reference types, structs and unions are value types. In the first version of D, the keyword this is used as a pointer to the instance of the object the method is bound to, while in D2 it has the character of an implicit ref function argument.

Dylan

In the programming language Dylan, which is an object-oriented language that supports multimethods and doesn't have a concept of this, sending a message to an object is still kept in the syntax. The two forms below work in the same way; the differences are just syntactic sugar.
object.method
and
method

Eiffel

Within a class text, the current type is the type obtained from the current class. Within features of a class, one may use the keyword Current to reference the current class and its features. The use of the keyword Current is optional as the keyword Current is implied by simply referring to the name of the current class feature openly. For example: One might have a feature `foo' in a class MY_CLASS and refer to it by:

class
MY_CLASS

feature -- Access

foo: INTEGER

my_function: INTEGER
do
Result := foo
end
end

Line #10 has the implied reference to Current by the call to simple `foo'.
Line #10 has the explicit reference to Current by the call to `Current.foo'.

class
MY_CLASS

feature -- Access

foo: INTEGER

my_function: INTEGER
do
Result := Current.foo
end
end

Either approach is acceptable to the compiler, but the implied version is preferred as it is less verbose.
As with other languages, there are times when the use of the keyword Current is mandated, such as:

class
MY_CLASS

feature -- Access

my_command
-- Create MY_OTHER_CLASS with `Current'
local
x: MY_OTHER_CLASS
do
create x.make_with_something
end
end

In the case of the code above, the call on line #11 to make_with_something is passing the current class by explicitly passing the keyword Current.

Java

The keyword this is a Java language keyword that represents the current instance of the class in which it appears. It is used to access class variables and methods.
Since all instance methods are virtual in Java, this can never be null.

JavaScript

In JavaScript, which is a programming or scripting language used extensively in web browsers, this is an important keyword, although what it evaluates to depends on where it is used.
To work around the different meaning of this in nested functions such as DOM event handlers, it is a common idiom in JavaScript to save the this reference of the calling object in a variable, and then use the variable to refer to the calling object in nested functions.
For example:

// In this example $ is a reference to the jQuery library
$.hover;

Lua

In Lua, self is created as syntactic sugar when functions are defined using the : operator. When invoking a method using :, the object being indexed will be implicitly given as the first argument to the function being invoked.
For example, the following two functions are equivalent:

local obj =
function obj.foo
print -- cannot use "self" here
end
function obj:bar
print -- "self" is an implicit first argument before arg
end
-- All functions can be invoked both ways, with "." or with ":"
obj:foo -- equivalent to obj.foo
obj.bar -- equivalent to obj:bar

Lua itself is not object-oriented, but when combined with another feature called metatables, the use of self lets programmers define functions in a manner resembling object-oriented programming.

PowerShell

In PowerShell the special automatic variable $_ contains the current object in the pipeline object. You can use this variable in commands that perform an action on every object or on selected objects in a pipeline.

"one", "two", "three" | %
Also starting with PowerShell 5.0, which adds a formal syntax to define classes and other user-defined types, $this variable describes the current instance of the object.

Python

In Python, there is no keyword for this. When a member function is called on an object, it invokes the member function with the same name on the object's class object, with the object automatically bound to the first argument of the function. Thus, the obligatory first parameter of instance methods serves as this; this parameter is conventionally named self, but can be named anything.
In class methods, the first argument refers to the class object itself, and is conventionally called cls; these are primarily used for inheritable constructors, where the use of the class as a parameter allows subclassing the constructor. In static methods, no special first argument exists.

Rust

In Rust, types are declared separately from the functions associated with them. Functions designed to be analogous to instance methods in more traditionally object-oriented languages must explicitly take self as their first parameter. These functions can then be called using instance.method syntax sugar. For example:

struct Foo
impl Foo

This defines a type, Foo, which has four associated functions. The first, Foo::new, is not an instance function and must be specified with the type prefix. The remaining three all take a self parameter in a variety of ways, and can be called on a Foo instance using the dot-notation syntax sugar, which is equivalent to calling the type-qualified function name with an explicit self first parameter.

let foo = Foo::new; // must called as a type-specified function
foo.refer; // prints "0". Foo::refer has read-only access to the foo instance
foo.mutate; // mutates foo in place, permitted by the &mut specification
foo.consume; // prints "5" and destroys foo, as Foo::consume takes full ownership of self
// equivalent to foo.refer
Foo::refer; // compilation error: foo is out of scope

Self

The Self language is named after this use of "self".

Xbase++

Self is strictly used within methods of a class.
Another way to refer to Self is to use ::.