Trams in Kraków
The Kraków tram system is a tram system in Kraków, Poland. The tramway has been in operation since 1882, and is currently operated by . There are 22 ordinary, 2 fast, and 3 night tram lines with a total line length of., the total route length of the tramway was, including a tram tunnel with two underground stops.
History
Origins
The first horse tram, line was opened in 1882. It used narrow gauge tracks and ran from the railway station to Podgórski bridge. It was financed, constructed and operated by National Bank of Belgium. In 1901 the tram network was electrified and the formal opening of the first line took place on 16 March. The new SW1 class cars were produced by Sanocka Fabryka Wagonów. At the end of 1902, the system consisted of five electrified, narrow gauge lines. However, the network owners were primarily interested in the income generated by the existing lines, not in building new ones, which caused conflicts between them and the city council. The electrification and network extension was forced thanks to the Austro-Hungarian law changes favourable to the city. It stated that a railroad or a tram line could be operated only by a local company, registered in Austria. The private owners from Belgium were forced to create such a company, named Krakowska Spółka Tramwajowa, and transferred the agreement with the city to it. This took place in 1898.Eventually, Kraków managed to buy 95% of shares of Krakowska Spółka Tramwajowa in 1910. In the same year, the city greatly increased in size by including several neighbouring villages and former military areas. New districts were created and it became clear that the narrow gauge network was not able to cope with the increasing transport needs. It was decided that a new network with standard gauge tracks will be constructed from scratch. In January 1913 the first standard gauge line was opened, which ran from Zwierzyniecka Street, through Starowiślna to Trzeci Most. It operated SN1 class cars, also produced in Sanok. Before the world war, the new network replaced some of the narrow gauge tracks in the city centre.
Interwar and World War II period
In 1918, Poland gained independence from Germany, Austria and Russia. Kraków became one of the major cities of the newly formed country. One of the remnants from the Austrian regime was left-hand traffic. In the tram network, it was eventually abandoned in 1925. In addition to that, the supply limitations in the war period and the lack of qualified engineers caused great damage to the rolling stock quality. Unstable country economy made almost impossible to improve the situation in the first years of Polish independence. Eventually, the city government managed to establish a new tram company, Krakowska Miejska Kolej Elektryczna between 1924 and 1929.The successful transformation allowed to repair the entire rolling stock and extend the network to the new districts, including Os. Oficerskie, Bronowice and Rakowice. The increasing number of cars created a need to build a new tram depot, since the old buildings in Kazimierz district turned out to be too small. In 1928, the city council offered a terrain for the new depot in Podgórze district. The construction began in 1937 and finished a year later. The further plans to extend the network were stopped by the war.
In the late 1920s it became clear that the construction of the new tracks to many districts would take several years. As a temporary solution, KMKE opened a bus communication. The buses were not supposed to compete with trams, and operated only on routes where the trams were expected to be introduced in the future.
Kraków survived the Nazi Invasion in 1939 relatively undamaged. Due to the confiscation of all the buses and private cars by the army, the tram became the only means of transport in the occupied city. The new German government noticed the problem and imported 10 second-hand MAN Tw cars from Nuremberg and four others from the liquidated network in Eberswalde. Another movement was the introduction of lines for Germans only.
Post-war period
After the war, Kraków tram network suffered from the lack of tram cars. Furthermore, due to destruction of bridges on Vistula river, the network was split in two parts between 1945 and 1946. In 1950 and 1952 the tram tracks reached Borek Fałęcki and the new city district, Nowa Huta, founded four years later together with a steel mill to the east from the city centre. In 1953, a tram ring around the Old Town was finished. It allowed to close down the old, narrow gauge network on 1 January 1954 and remove tracks from the Marketsquare. In the next years, the new tracks were opened mostly in Nowa Huta and Podgórze. In 1969, a new tram depot in Nowa Huta was finished, after four years of construction. The old depot in Kazimierz was abandoned and adapted for other purposes.After the nationalisation of Polish industry, the new communist government began construction of the national tram cars in Konstal factory, Chorzów. The first Konstal N cars appeared in Kraków in the late 1940s. SN1 and even old Tw cars from Nuremberg remained in service to the late 60s.
In the 1970s, the local authorities began an ambitious project of reorganizing the entire public transport in the city. Some of the goals were:
- Building a Metro line from Bronowice to Nowa Huta.
- Rebuilding the main railway station to Kraków Communication Centre with integrated railway, bus, metro and tram services.
- Closing some tram tracks in the city centre.
- Building new tram tracks to the outer districts and a new tram depot.
Present times
The government and economy changes caused the old plans to be abandoned. In 1994, the new authorities decided not to continue the metro line construction in favour of a fast tram. The first line was accepted to connect Krowodrza Górka in the north, with Kurdwanów in the south of the city, and use the existing tunnel under the railway station. The first stage of the tram tunnel construction took place between 1996 and 1999, from the railway station to Rondo Mogilskie. At the same time, the tram network operator, MPK Kraków, began a process of replacing the old and unreliable Konstal cars. In 1989 it began to buy second-hand T4 cars with B4 trailers from Nuremberg, and later - GT6. In 1999, it managed to buy the first twelve low-floor Bombardier NGT6 cars.In 1999 the first network extension since 1984 took place. The tracks reached Kurdwanów district, forming the first part of the Kraków Fast Tram network. The local authorities began a huge programme of tram infrastructure modernization. Between 2000 and 2010, nearly a quarter of the network went under a general reconstruction. In 2006 and 2007, Dworzec Towarowy was connected with an existing network through a new link on Pawia Street and the total network length reached. On 11 December 2008, the -long tram tunnel was eventually opened after 34 years of construction. Next day, the first fast tram line 50 began to operate.
Future
Tramway is the primary form of public transport in Kraków. Many further network extensions are planned for the future. In 2010, the construction of the new link to Płaszów district began, and another one to Ruczaj was opened in 2012. Other existing tracks are going to be updated to the fast tram standards.Infrastructure
Today, the tram network consists of of double track. Since the network is designed to be operated by single-ended trams, it has balloon loops at nearly all termini. There are currently 24 balloon loops in Kraków.| Name | Opened in | Number of tracks | Other infrastructure | Lines |
| Borek Fałęcki | 1950 | 3 | Passing loop for incoming trams | 8, 10, 12, 22 |
| Bronowice | 1937 | 2 | - | 14, 24 |
| Bronowice Małe | 1975 | 2 | Siding | 4, 8, 13, 64 |
| Cichy Kącik | 1902* | 2 | Siding | 20 |
| Cmentarz Rakowicki | 1934 | 1 | - | 2 |
| Czerwone Maki | 2012 | 2 | Siding | 11, 18, 23, 52, 62 |
| Dajwór | 1953 | 2 | Passing loop, wye | Unused |
| Dąbie | 1968 | 2 | - | 12 |
| Dworzec Towarowy | 1907 | 2 | Pass-by loop | 19 |
| Kopiec Wandy | 1977 | 2 | Part of the multilevel track crossing | 16 |
| Krowodrza Górka | 1984 | 3 | Extra stub-end | 3, 5, 18, 50, 69 |
| Kurdwanów | 2000 | 2 | - | 6, 24, 50 |
| Łagiewniki | 1938 | 3 | Pass-by loop | 19 |
| Mały Płaszów | 2010 | 2 | - | 11, 20 |
| Mistrzejowice | 1974 | 2 | Siding | 9, 14, 16 |
| Nowy Bieżanów | 1978 | 2 | Siding | 3, 9, 13, 23, 69 |
| Osiedle Piastów | 1976 | 2 | Siding | 21, 52, 64 |
| Pleszów | 1962 | 2 | Siding | 10, 21 |
| Prokocim | 1965 | 2 | - | 24 |
| Rondo Hipokratesa | 1966 | 2 | - | 52 |
| Salwator | 1917 | 2 | Siding | 1, 2, 6 |
| Walcownia | 1955 | 2 | Siding | 22 |
| Wieczysta | 1964 | 2 | Siding | 5 |
| Wzgórza Krzesławickie | 1968 | 2 | Siding | 1, 4, 5 |
- - moved to the current location in 1954.
Other termini
In the past, Kraków network had some termini with simple stub-ends operated by double-ended cars. After the war, they have been abandoned in favour of balloon loops, as the deliveries of single-ended trams proceeded. However, MPK bought recently a small fleet of second-hand double-ended cars from Nuremberg and Düsseldorf which are used during reconstructions and partial openings of unfinished network extensions. The first temporary stub-end appeared in 2006 on Politechnika stop, when the new tracks on Pawia street had not been connected yet to Dworzec Towarowy loop.
Small stub-end also exists on Krowodrza Górka, Bronowice Male and Salwator but they are used as a track for defected and replacement cars, while double-ended trams use the balloon loop.
Tram depots
There are three tram depots in Kraków:- Zajezdnia Podgórze
- Zajezdnia Nowa Huta
- Zajezdnia Św. Wawrzyńca
Kraków Fast Tram
Kraków Fast Tram is a light rail network being developed in Kraków.It consists of several modernized or purpose-built tram tracks with radio-controlled absolute priority on crossings, an underground, long tunnel under Kraków Główny railway station with two underground stops and a long overpass over Kraków Płaszów rail station. Contrary to many light rail systems, Kraków Fast Tram is not separate from regular tramway lines - the tracks are a part of the wider "classic" tramway network and are used by ordinary lines, which benefit from moving through a fast tram corridor. The stops at the fast tram tracks are equipped with an electronic passenger information system showing estimated departure times live. As of 2017, the system is installed on classic tram lines, too.
In addition to the ordinary lines, there are two 'fast tram lines' that run at up to 5 minute intervals on the fast tram tracks:
- 50 - Krowodrza Górka - Kurdwanów
- 52 - Czerwone Maki - Osiedle Piastów.
Lines
List of tram routes in Kraków as of December 2014. Currently, there are 27 tram lines.The frequencies are daytime Monday to Friday frequencies.
Rolling stock
Since 1994, MPK Kraków replaces the Polish rolling stock produced by Konstal with new, modern low floor cars and second-hand trams imported from Germany and Austria. The fleet consists of 292 motored cars and 59 trailer cars.Konstal 105Na
The fleet of 70 Konstal 105 was built between 1979 and 1992. It is -long and can form longer trains. Due to the unreliability and the poor technical design, they are slowly replaced by second-hand trams from Germany.Protram 405N-Kr
The Protram 405N-Kr, manufactured between 2011 and 2012, was rebuilt from three Konstal 105Na cars which have been connected with two new low-floor sections forming a single unit. The reconstruction was performed by Protram located in Wrocław. The tram is long and has five sections with a total percentage of low-floor area of 25%. The tram is equipped with a complete electronic passenger information system, air conditioning, and two ticket machines. It has a capacity of 364 passengers, including 64 on seats. The tram entered service on April 20, 2012. There were plans to build more trams of this type, but due to the high cost for this rebuild, MPK Krakow decided to procure new 2014N trams from Newag. In 2016 the tram was repainted to match other MPK vehicles.Bombardier NGT6
14 Bombardier NGT6 were built between 1998 and 1999, with a further 36 units constructed from 2001 until 2007. The second batch units are referred to as NGT6-2.The first order for 12 trams was placed in 1998, followed up with an order for another 12 in 2001. Further 24 trams were ordered in 2006. A total of 50 NGT6 vehicles have been delivered to Krakow. The trams have an electronic passenger information system.
Bombardier NGT8
The NGT8 trams were ordered in June 2010. 24 Bombardier NGT8 were built between 2012 and 2014. MPK Kraków received its first NGT8 in October 2012.Pesa 2014N
Pesa built 36 2014N "Krakowiak" trams between 2014 and 2015. The first unit was delivered on June 28, 2015. With a length of the Pesa 2014N "Krakowiak" is the longest tram in Poland. They are equipped with air conditioning, passenger information system, ticket machines and bike stands. The first "Krakowiak" entered service on August 30, 2015.Newag 126N
The sole Newag 126N was built in 2012 and entered trial operation in 2013.It was then given back to the manufacturer, and returned to Krakow on November 27, 2016.
Düwag GT8S
14 Düwag GT8S were built between 1973 and 1976, and were formerly in service in Düsseldorf, Germany.In September 2009 MPK Kraków bought one of the cars for testing, and decided to import a further 27 cars of this class. During the modernization, they were equipped with an electronic passenger information system. They are retrofitted with low-floor sections. Two units have been modified, and are referred to as GT8C. It is worth noting that the cars retained their own rolling stock numbers from Düsseldorf, which was later unified to Krakows standard in 2015.