USB hub
A USB hub is a device that expands a single Universal Serial Bus port into several so that there are more ports available to connect devices to a host system, similar to a power strip.
USB hubs are often built into equipment such as computer cases, keyboards, monitors, or printers. When such a device has many USB ports, they all usually stem from one or two internal USB ports rather than each port having independent USB circuitry.
Physically separate USB hubs come in a wide variety of form factors: from external boxes connectable with a cable, to small designs that can be directly plugged into a USB port. In the middle case, there are "short cable" hubs which typically use an integral 6-inch cable to slightly distance a small hub away from physical port congestion and of course increase the number of available ports.
Laptop/Notebook computers may be equipped with USB ports, but an external USB hub can consolidate several everyday devices into a single hub to enable one-step attachment and removal of all the devices.
Some USB hubs may support power delivery and charging if they're self-powered and certified, though they may start to be referred to as a simple docking station at this point.
Physical layout
A USB network is built from USB hubs connected downstream to USB ports, which themselves may stem from USB hubs. USB hubs can extend a USB network to a maximum of 127 ports. The USB specification requires that bus-powered/passive hubs may not be connected in series to other bus-powered hubs.Depending on vendor and design, USB ports are often closely spaced. Consequently, plugging a device into one port may physically block an adjacent port, particularly when the plug is not part of a cable but is integral to a device such as a USB flash drive. A horizontal array of horizontal sockets may be easy to fabricate, but may cause only two out of four ports to be usable.
Port arrays in which the port orientation is perpendicular to the array orientation generally have fewer blockage problems. External "Octopus" or "Squid" hubs, or "star" hubs avoid this problem completely.
Length limitations
USB cables are limited to 3 metres for low-speed USB 1.1 devices. A hub can be used as an active USB repeater to extend cable length for up to 5 metre lengths at a time. Active cables perform the same function, but since they are strictly bus-powered, externally powered USB hubs would likely be required for some of the segments.Power
A bus-powered hub is a hub that draws all its power from the host computer's USB interface. It does not need a separate power connection. However, many devices require more power than this method can provide and will not work in this type of hub. It may be desirable to use a bus-powered hub with self-powered external hard-disk units, as they may not go into sleep mode immediately upon computer shut-down or sleep mode when using a self-powered hub since they will continue to see a power source on the USB ports when using a self-powered hub.A USB's electric current is allocated in units of 100 mA up to a maximum total of 500 mA per port. Therefore, a compliant bus powered hub can have no more than four downstream ports and cannot offer more than four 100 mA units of current in total to downstream devices. If a device requires more units of current than the port it is plugged into can supply, the operating system usually reports this to the user.
In contrast, a self-powered hub is one that takes its power from an external power supply unit and can therefore provide full power. These hubs and devices do allow more flexibility in the use of power, but they are likely to make power problems harder to diagnose.
Some self-powered hubs do not supply enough power to drive a load on every port. For example, many seven port hubs have a 1A power supply, when in fact seven ports could draw a maximum of 7 x 0.5 = 3.5A, plus power for the hub itself. Designers assume the user will most likely connect many low power devices and only one or two requiring a full On the other hand, the packaging for some self-powered hubs states explicitly how many of the ports can drive a full load at once. For example, the packaging on a seven-port hub might claim to support a maximum of four full-load devices.
Dynamic-powered hubs are hubs which can work as bus-powered as well as self-powered hubs. They can automatically switch between modes depending on whether a separate power supply is available or not. While switching from bus-powered to self-powered operation does not necessarily require immediate renegotiations with the host, switching from self-powered to bus-powered operation may cause USB connections to be reset if connected devices previously requested more power than still available in bus-powered mode.
Speed
To allow high-speed devices to operate in their fastest mode, all hubs between the devices and the computer must be high-speed. High-speed devices should fall back to full-speed when plugged into a full-speed hub. While high-speed hubs can communicate at all device speeds, low- and full-speed traffic is combined and segregated from high-speed traffic through a transaction translator. Each transaction translator segregates lower speed traffic into its own pool, essentially creating a virtual full-speed bus. Some designs use a single transaction translator, while other designs have multiple translators. Having multiple translators is a significant benefit when one connects multiple high-bandwidth full-speed devices.It is an important consideration that in common language, USB 2.0 is used as synonymous with high-speed. However, because the USB 2.0 specification, which introduced high-speed, incorporates the USB 1.1 specification such that a USB 2.0 device is not required to operate at high speed, any compliant full-speed or low-speed device may still be labelled as a USB 2.0 device. Thus, not all USB 2.0 hubs operate at high speed.
USB 3.0 is the third major version of the Universal Serial Bus standard for interfacing computers and electronic devices. Among other improvements, USB 3.0 adds the new transfer rate referred to as SuperSpeed USB that can transfer data at up to 5 Gbit/s, which is about 10 times faster than the USB 2.0 standard. It is recommended that manufacturers distinguish USB 3.0 connectors from their USB 2.0 counterparts by using blue color for the Standard-A receptacles and plugs, and by the initials SS.
USB 3.1, released in July 2013, is the successor standard that replaces the USB 3.0 standard. USB 3.1 preserves the existing SuperSpeed transfer rate, giving it the new label USB 3.1 Gen 1, while defining a new SuperSpeed+ transfer mode, called USB 3.1 Gen 2 which can transfer data at up to 10 Gbit/s over the existing USB-type-A and USB-C connectors.
USB 3.2, released in September 2017, replaces the USB 3.1 standard. It preserves existing USB 3.1 SuperSpeed and SuperSpeed+ data modes and introduces two new SuperSpeed+transfer modes over the USB-C connector using two-lane operation, with data rates of 10 and 20 Gbit/s.
Protocol
Each hub has exactly one upstream port and a number of downstream ports. The upstream port connects the hub to the host. Other hubs or devices can be attached to the downstream ports. During normal transmission, hubs are essentially transparent: data received from its upstream port is broadcast to all devices attached to its downstream ports ; data received from a downstream port is generally forwarded to the upstream port only. This way, what is sent by the host is received by all hubs and devices, and what is sent by a device is received by the host but not by the other devices. Downstream routing has been changed in USB 3.0 with the addition of Point to Point routing: A route string sent in the packet header allows a USB 3.0 host to only send a downstream packet to a single destination port, decreasing congestion and power consumption.Hubs are not transparent when dealing with changes in the status of downstream ports, such as insertion or removal of devices. In particular, if a downstream port of a hub changes status, this change is dealt with in an interaction between the host and this hub; the hubs between them act as transparent in this case.
To this aim, each hub has a single interrupt endpoint "1 IN" used to signal changes in the status of the downstream ports. When someone plugs in a device, the hub detects voltage on either D+ or D- and signals the insertion to the host via this interrupt endpoint. When the host polls this interrupt endpoint, it learns that the new device is present. It then instructs the hub to reset the port where the new device was plugged in. This reset makes the new device assume address 0, and the host can then interact with it directly; this interaction will result in the host assigning a new address to the device.
Transaction translator
Any USB 2.0 hub that supports a higher standard than USB 1.1 will translate between the lower standard and the higher standard using what is called a transaction translator. For example, if a USB 1.1 device is connected to a port on a USB 2.0 hub, then the TT would automatically recognize and translate the USB 1.1 signals to USB 2.0 on the uplink. However, the default design is that all lower-standard devices share the same transaction translator and thus create a bottleneck, a configuration known as the single transaction translator.Consequently, multi transaction translators were created, which provide more transaction translators such that bottlenecks are avoided. Note that USB 3.0 hubs do not currently perform transaction translation to super-speed for USB 2.0 devices.