Von Kármán–Gabrielli diagram


The von Kármán–Gabrielli diagram is a diagram which compares the efficiency of transportation methods by plotting specific tractive force, or specific resistance against velocity. It was first used by Theodore von Kármán and Giuseppe Gabrielli in their 1950 paper on this subject.
The basic idea is that formally, 1 kWh/ 100 km has the dimensional units of a force, a resistance force amounting to.