Zero (linguistics) In linguistics , a zero or null is a segment which is not pronounced or written. It is a useful concept in analysis, indicating lack of an element where one might be expected. It is usually written with the symbol "∅", in Unicode. A common ad hoc solution is to use the Scandinavian capital letter Ø instead. There are several kinds of zero:In phonetics , a null phoneme or zero phone indicates that no phone is produced where one might be expected. For example, in syllable structure analysis, null onset indicates that a syllable lacks an initial consonant that is normally required by phonotactics of the considered language. For an example, see Standard Chinese phonology#Zero onset. In morphology , a zero morph , consisting of no phonetic form , is an allomorph of a morpheme that is otherwise realized in speech . In the phrase two sheep-∅ , the plural marker is a zero morph, which is an allomorph of -s as in two cows . In the phrase I like-∅ it , the verb conjugation has a zero affix, as opposed to the third-person singular present -s in he likes it . Similarly, a zero inflection is an unrealized inflection, such as in nouns with identical singular and plural forms . For example, plural of sheep can be analyzed as sheep-∅ . In grammar , a zero pronoun occurs in some languages. In the English sentence nobody knows ∅ the zero pronoun plays the role of the object of the verb, and in ∅ makes no difference it plays the role of the subject . Likewise, the zero pronoun in the book ∅ I am reading plays the role of the relative pronoun that in the book that I am reading . In generative grammar , this is also referred to as PRO . In pronoun-dropping languages , including null subject languages such as most Romance languages , the zero pronoun is a prominent feature . A zero subordinate conjunction occurs in English in sentences like I know ∅ he likes me , in which the zero conjunction plays the role of the subordinate conjunction that in I know that he likes me . This comes naturally to native speakers of English, but some non-native learners of English have to consciously adjust to it, as their native languages rarely do it. A zero article is an unrealized indefinite or definite article in some languages, such as the plural indefinite article in English. A zero copula , in which a copula such as the verb to be is implied but absent. For example, in Russian the copula is usually omitted in the present tense , as in "Она красивая", the same happening with colloquial Brazilian Portuguese , as in "irônicos, aqueles", though never with the adjective coming after the subject as usual in Romance languages. In English the copula is sometimes omitted in some nonstandard dialects.
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