1744

January–March

• January 24 - The Dagohoy rebellion in the Philippines begins, with the killing of Father Giuseppe Lamberti.
• February - Violent storms frustrated planned French Invasion of Britain.
• February 22-23 - Battle of Toulon: The British fleet is defeated by a joint Franco-Spanish fleet.
• March 1 - The Great Comet of 1744, one of the brightest ever seen, reaches perihelion.
• March 15 - France declares war on Great Britain.

  April–June

• April - The Female Spectator is founded by Eliza Haywood in England, the first periodical written for women by a woman.
• April 2 - The First Rules of Golf are drawn up at Leith, for the first golf competition.
• April 20 - Battle of Villafranca : A joint French and Spanish force defeats Britain and Sardinia.
• May 11 - Russia's treasury begins an effort to reduce the number of copper five-kopeck pieces by declaring that it will buy them back at a ruble for every 20 until August 1, after which kopecks would be redeemed at a ruble for every 25; then at the rate of 33 for a ruble on October 1, and 50 for a ruble on and after August 28, 1746.
• May 22 - The Union of Germany is proclaimed in Frankfurt Frederick II of Prussia, as articles of union are signed between Prussia, Hesse-Kassel and the Rhineland Palatinate
• May 24 - After receiving the news from Europe that Great Britain and France are at war, the French Army at Louisbourg attacks the British settlement at Fort William Augustus at Canso, Nova Scotia and forces its surrender
• June 13 - Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin is named as the new Chancellor of the Russian Empire by the Empress Elizabeth
• June 15 - Commodore George Anson's voyage around the world concludes after four years as HMS Centurion returns to England at Spithead and Anson is greeted as a hero.
• June 28 - At the age of 15, Princess Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst, the future Empress of Russia, is received into the Russian Orthodox Church after converting from the Lutheran faith. Upon her conversion to the Russian Orthodox religion, she is given the name Yekaterina. In 1762, she takes the throne as the Empress Catherine II, later known as Catherine the Great.

  July–September

• July 19 - Battle of Casteldelfino: France defeats the Kingdom of Sardinia.
• July 29 - Nader Shah lays siege to the Ottoman citadel of Kars.
• August 12 - Battle of Velletri in the Kingdom of Naples: Spanish-Neapolitan forces defeat those of the Archduchy of Austria.
• September 30 - Battle of Madonna dell'Olmo: France and Spain defeat the Kingdom of Sardinia.

  October–December

• October 4 - In one of the greatest disasters for the Royal Navy, HMS Victory sinks in a storm in the English Channel, killing 1,100 sailors and officers it had been bringing back from Gibraltar to England, including Admiral John Balchen The wreck will be located 264 years later, in January, 2009
• October 12 - The creator of binomial nomenclature for the identification of plant and animal species, Carl Linnaeus, is selected as president of the Royal Swedish Academy of Science, succeeding the late Anders Celsius, who had devised the centigrade measurement of temperature
• October 19 - William Shirley, the British colonial Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, announces the declaration of war against the Miꞌkmaq and Maliseet Indian tribes
• October 25 - The Massachusetts General Court, colonial legislature for the Massachusetts Bay Province, approves an incentive for the killing of enemy Indians, authorizing the payment of 100 Massachusetts pounds for the scalping of a Mi'kmaq or Maliseet Indian, and 50 for the scalps of women or children
• October 25 - Spanish explorers Antonio de Ulloa and Jorge Juan y Santacilla complete their mission of exploration and depart from the Peruvian seaport of Callao for a return to Spain
• November 1 - Second Silesian War: The Prussian Army, under the command of Field Marshal Kurt Christoph Graf von Schwerin, begins the bombardment of Prague. The Bohemian capital surrenders after two weeks
• December 18 - Queen Maria Theresa of Austria issues a proclamation to rid Bohemia of its Jewish residents, with the Jews to leave Prague over the next two weeks, and then to depart from Bohemia entirely in 1745

  Date unknown

• The third French and Indian War, known as King George's War, breaks out at Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia.
• The First Saudi State is founded by Muhammad bin Saud.
• Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book, sequel to Tommy Thumb's Song Book, containing the oldest version of many well-known and popular rhymes, is published in London.