638

By place

Byzantine Empire

• Emperor Heraclius creates a buffer zone in the heartland of Asia Minor. In the mountainous terrain of Anatolia, the Byzantine forces develop a system of defensive guerrilla warfare. The strategy is known as ‘shadowing warfare’, as it avoids battle with major Muslim invaders, and instead attacks raiding parties on their return when they are laden with booty, captured livestock or prisoners.
• July 4 - Heraklonas, age 12, son of Heraclius, obtains the title of Augustus. This brings him in rivalry with his elder half-brother Constantine.
• Heraclius issues his Ekthesis, espousing the Monothelete doctrine, and setting it forth as the official doctrine of the Eastern Orthodox Church. The Ekthesis is vigorously opposed, notably by Maximus the Confessor.

  Britain

• King Oswald and his Northumbrian army besiege and conquer Edinburgh. His half-brother, Oswiu of Bernicia, marries Princess Rhiainfelt, heiress of North Rheged. Northumbria embraces North Rheged in a peaceful takeover, and Oswiu becomes a sub-king.

  Arabian Empire

• January - Plague of Amwas breaks out.
• Autumn - The Arabian forces under Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah storm Caesarea Maritima, capital of Byzantine Palestine, and effect their final capture of Ascalon. Caliph Umar I stops the Muslim invasion, and appoints Abu Ubaidah governor of Syria.
• : The invading Rashidun army under Khalid ibn al-Walid moves into Anatolia, conquering the cities of Kahramanmaraş, Caesarea Cappadociae, Sebastia, and Malatya. Arab forces march into Armenia, where they capture the cities Edessa and Amida up to the Ararat plain.
• Umar I dismisses Khalid ibn al-Walid after the conquest of Syria, owing to his ever-growing fame and influence. He wants the Muslims to know that victory comes from God, not his general. The Persian Empire is annexed to the Rashidun Caliphate.
• Abu Musa al-Asha'ari, companion of Muhammad, establishes Hafar Al-Batin, located in the northeastern region of the Arabian Peninsula. He orders the digging for new wells, along this desert route that Muslims travel from Iraq to Mecca for the Hajj.

  Asia

• The Tibetan Empire, seeking an alliance through marriage with Tang dynasty China, launches an attack on Songzhou that is repelled by Chinese forces, but is followed by the marriage of the Chinese Princess Wencheng to Tibetan ruler Songtsän Gampo.

  By topic

Arts and sciences

• The Islamic calendar is introduced by Abu Musa al-Asha'ari. He convinces Umar I to make notes of an era for Muslims.
• March 22 - Year 0 of the Burmese calendar, based on the Chula Sakarat, is also used in the mainland of Southeast Asia.

  Religion

• October 12 - Pope Honorius I dies at Rome after a 13-year reign, and is succeeded by Severinus, but the Byzantine emperor Heraclius will delay the new pope's consecration until May 640.
• December 20 - Pyrrhus I becomes patriarch of Constantinople, after the death of Sergius I. He has been an advocate of Monothelitism and a close friend of Heraclius.

  Births

• Huineng, Chinese Zen Buddhist patriarch of the Tang dynasty

  Deaths

• March 11 - Sophronius, patriarch of Jerusalem
• October 12 - Pope Honorius I
• December 9 - Sergius I, patriarch of Constantinople
• Qin Shubao, general of the Tang dynasty
• Yu Shinan, calligrapher and official