Ancient literature
Before the spread of writing, oral literature did not always survive well, though some texts and fragments have persisted. sees some fairy tales as literary survivals dating back to Ice Age and Stone Age narrators.
List of ancient texts
Bronze Age
Early Bronze Age: 3rd millennium BCE. The earliest written literature dates from about 2600 BCE. The earliest literary author known by name is Enheduanna, a Sumerian priestess and public figure dating to ca. the 24th century BCE.Certain literary texts are difficult to date, such as the Egyptian Book of the Dead, which was recorded in the Papyrus of Ani around 1240 BCE, but other versions of the book probably date from about the 18th century BCE.
- 2600 Sumerian texts from Abu Salabikh, including the Instructions of Shuruppak and the Kesh temple hymn
- 2400 Egyptian Pyramid Texts, including the Cannibal Hymn
- 2400 Sumerian Code of Urukagina
- 2400 Egyptian Palermo stone
- 2350 Egyptian The Maxims of Ptahhotep
- 2270 Sumerian Enheduanna's Hymns
- 2250-2000 Earliest Sumerian stories in the Epic of Gilgamesh
- 2100 Sumerian Curse of Agade
- 2100 Sumerian Debate between Bird and Fish
- 2050 Sumerian Code of Ur-Nammu
- 2000 Egyptian Coffin Texts
- 2000 Sumerian Lament for Ur
- 2000 Sumerian Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta
- 2000-1900 Egyptian Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor
- 1950 Akkadian Laws of Eshnunna
- 1900 Akkadian Legend of Etana
- 1900 Sumerian Code of Lipit-Ishtar
- 1859-1840 Egyptian The Eloquent Peasant
- 1859-1840 Egyptian Story of Sinuhe
- 1859-1840 Egyptian Dispute between a man and his Ba
- 1859-1813 Egyptian Loyalist Teaching
- 1850 Akkadian Kultepe texts
- 1800 Akkadian Enûma Eliš
- 1780 Akkadian Mari letters, including the Epic of Zimri-Lim
- 1754 Akkadian Code of Hammurabi stele
- 1750 Hittite Anitta text
- 1700 Akkadian Atra-Hasis epic
- 1700 Egyptian Westcar Papyrus
- 1700 Akkadian Epic of Gilgamesh
- 1650 Egyptian Ipuwer Papyrus
- 1600 Akkadian Eridu Genesis
- 1800-1100 Vedic Sanskrit: approximate date of the composition of the Rigveda. Thirty manuscripts of the ancient Hindu text Rig Veda dating from 1800 to 1500 BC are among 38 new items that have been added to the United Nations heritage list to help preserve them for posterity. Many of these were not set to writing until later.
- 1600 Hittite Code of the Nesilim
- 1500 Akkadian Poor Man of Nippur
- 1500 Hittite military oath
- 1550 Egyptian Book of the Dead
- 1500 Akkadian Dynasty of Dunnum
- 1400 Akkadian Marriage of Nergal and Ereshkigal
- 1400 Akkadian Autobiography of Kurigalzu
- 1400 Akkadian Amarna letters
- 1330 Egyptian Great Hymn to the Aten
- 1240 Egyptian Papyrus of Ani, Book of the Dead
- 1200-900 Akkadian version and younger stories in the Epic of Gilgamesh
- 1200 Akkadian Tukulti-Ninurta Epic
- 1200 Egyptian Tale of Two Brothers
Iron Age
- 1200-1100 BCE approximate date of books RV 1 and RV 10 in the Rigveda
- 1200-800 BCE approximate date of the Vedic Sanskrit Yajurveda, Atharvaveda, Samaveda
- 1100-800 BCE date of the redaction of the extant text of the Rigveda
- 1050 BCE Egyptian Story of Wenamun
- 1050 BCE Akkadian Sakikkū “Diagnostic Omens” by Esagil-kin-apli.
- 1050 BCE The Babylonian Theodicy of Šaggil-kīnam-ubbib.
- 1000-600 BCE Chinese Classic of Poetry , Classic of Documents , Classic of Changes
- 1000 BCE Akkadian Dialogue of Pessimism
- 950 BCE date of the Jahwist portions of the Torah
- 900 BCE Akkadian Epic of Erra
- 850 BCE date of the Elohist portions of the Torah
Classical Antiquity
- Greek Trojan War cycle, including the Iliad and the Odyssey
- 800-500 BCE: Vedic Sanskrit Brahmanas
- Oldest non-Pentateuchal books of the Hebrew Bible ; see: Carbon dating the Dead Sea Scrolls
- Vedic Sanskrit
- * Aranyakas
- Greek:
- * Hesiod: The Theogony and Works and Days
- * Archilochus
- * Alcman
- * Semonides of Amorgos
- * Solon
- * Mimnermus
- * Stesichorus
- Hebrew Bible: Psalms, Book of Ezekiel, Book of Daniel
- Chinese: Sun Tzu: The Art of War
- Vedic Sanskrit:
- * Brihadaranyaka Upanishad
- * Chandogya Upanishad
- Greek:
- * Sappho
- * Ibycus
- * Alcaeus of Mytilene
- * Aesop's Fables
- Vedic Sanskrit:
- * Aitareya Upanishad
- * Taittiriya Upanishad
- * Kenopanishad
- Avestan: Yasht
- Chinese:
- * Spring and Autumn Annals
- * Confucius: Analects
- * Classic of Rites
- * Commentaries of Zuo
- * Mozi: Mozi
- Greek:
- * Pindar: Odes
- * Herodotus: The Histories of Herodotus
- * Thucydides: History of the Peloponnesian War
- * Aeschylus: The Suppliants, The Persians, Seven Against Thebes, Oresteia
- * Sophocles: Oedipus Rex, Oedipus at Colonus, Antigone, Electra and other plays
- * Euripides: Alcestis, Medea, Heracleidae, Hippolytus, Andromache, Hecuba, The Suppliants, Electra, Heracles, Trojan Women, Iphigeneia in Tauris, Ion, Helen, Phoenician Women, Orestes, Bacchae, Iphigeneia at Aulis, Cyclops, Rhesus
- * Aristophanes: The Acharnians, The Knights, The Clouds, The Wasps, Peace, The Birds, Lysistrata, Thesmophoriazusae, The Frogs, Ecclesiazousae, Plutus
- Hebrew: date of the extant text of the Torah
- Sanskrit
- * Ishopanishad
- * Katha Upanishad
- * Prashnopanishad
- * Mundaka Upanishad
- * Māṇḍūkya Upanishad
- Hebrew: Book of Job, beginning of Hebrew wisdom literature
- Hebrew Torah, also called the Pentateuch or Five Books of Moses with a final redaction between 900-450 BCE. Some give an alternate date of 1320-1280.
- Chinese:
- * Laozi : Tao Te Ching
- * Zhuangzi: Zhuangzi
- * Mencius: Mencius
- * Shang Yang: The Book of Lord Shang
- Greek:
- *Xenophon: Anabasis, Cyropaedia, Oeconomicus, Memorabilia
- * Aristotle: Nicomachean Ethics, Metaphysics, Organon, Physics, Historia Animalium, De Partibus Animalium, De Motu Animalium, De Mundo, De Caelo, Poetics, Politics, Magna Moralia
- * Plato: Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Theaetetus, Parmenides, Symposium, Phaedrus, Protagoras, Gorgias, Meno, Republic, Timaeus, Critias, Laws, Menexenus, Phaedo, Lysis, Alcibiades I, Alcibiades II, Hippias minor, Epinomis, Minos, Hipparchus
- * Euclid: Elements
- * Menander: Dyskolos
- * Theophrastus: Enquiry into Plants
- Avestan: Avesta
- Etruscan: Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis
- Sanskrit:
- * Epics: Mahabharata and Ramayana
- * Khaḍgaviṣāna Sūkta
- * Aṣṭaka Varga
- * Pārāyana Varga
- Tamil:
- * 3rd century BCE to 3rd century CE: Sangam poems
- * Tolkāppiyam
- Hebrew: Ecclesiastes
- Greek:
- * Apollonius of Rhodes: Argonautica
- * Callimachus, lyric poet
- * Manetho: Aegyptiaca
- * Theocritus, lyric poet
- Latin:
- * Lucius Livius Andronicus, translator, founder of Roman drama
- * Gnaeus Naevius, dramatist, epic poet
- * Titus Maccius Plautus, dramatist, composer of comedies: Poenulus, Miles Gloriosus, and other plays
- * Quintus Fabius Pictor, historian
- * Lucius Cincius Alimentus, military historian and antiquarian
- Avestan: Vendidad
- Chinese: Sima Qian: Records of the Grand Historian
- Aramaic: Book of Daniel
- Hebrew: Sirach
- Greek
- * Polybius: The Histories
- * Book of Wisdom
- * Septuagint
- Latin:
- * Terence, comic dramatist: The Brothers, The Girl from Andros, Eunuchus, The Self-Tormentor
- * Quintus Ennius, poet
- * Marcus Pacuvius, tragic dramatist, poet
- * Statius Caecilius, comic dramatist
- * Marcius Porcius Cato, generalist, topical writer
- * Gaius Acilius, historian
- * Lucius Accius, tragic dramatist, philologist
- * Gaius Lucilius, satirist
- * Quintus Lutatius Catulus, public officer, epigrammatist
- * Aulus Furius Antias, poet
- * Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo Vopiscus, public officer, tragic dramatist
- * Lucius Pomponius Bononiensis, comic dramatist, satirist
- * Lucius Cassius Hemina, historian
- * Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi, historian
- * Manius Manilius, public officer, jurist
- * Lucius Coelius Antipater, jurist, historian
- * Publius Sempronius Asellio, military officer, historian
- * Gaius Sempronius Tuditanus, jurist
- * Lucius Afranius, comic dramatist
- * Titus Albucius, orator
- * Publius Rutilius Rufus, jurist
- * Quintus Lutatius Catulus, public officer, poet
- * Lucius Aelius Stilo Praeconinus, philologist
- * Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius, historian
- * Valerius Antias, historian
- * Lucius Cornelius Sisenna, soldier, historian
- * Quintus Cornificius, rhetorician
- Pali: Tipitaka
- Latin:
- * Cicero: Catiline Orations, Pro Caelio, Dream of Scipio
- * Julius Caesar: Gallic Wars, Civil War
- * Virgil: Eclogues, Georgics and Aeneid
- * Lucretius: On the Nature of Things
- * Livy: History of Rome
- Chinese: Ban Gu: Book of Han
- Greek:
- * Plutarch: Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans
- * Josephus: The Jewish War, Antiquities of the Jews, Against Apion
- * The books of the New Testament of the Christian Bible
- Latin: see Classical Latin
- * Tacitus: Germania
- * Ovid: Metamorphoses; also Tristia and Epistulae ex Ponto written during his exile
- * Pliny the Elder: Natural History
- * Petronius: Satyricon
- * Seneca the Younger: Phaedra, Dialogues
- Sanskrit: Aśvaghoṣa: Buddhacharita
- Pahlavi:
- * Yadegar-e Zariran
- * Visperad
- * Drakht-i Asurig
- Greek:
- * Arrian: Anabasis Alexandri
- * Marcus Aurelius: Meditations
- * Epictetus and Arrian: Enchiridion
- * Ptolemy: Almagest
- * Athenaeus: The Banquet of the Learned
- * Pausanias: Description of Greece
- * Longus: Daphnis and Chloe
- * Lucian: True History
- Latin: see Classical Latin
- * Apuleius: The Golden Ass
- * Lucius Ampelius: Liber Memorialis
- * Suetonius: Lives of the Twelve Caesars
- Avestan: Khordeh Avesta
- Pahlavi: Mani: Shabuhragan
- Chinese: Chen Shou: Records of Three Kingdoms
- Greek: Plotinus: Enneads
- Latin: see Late Latin
- * Distichs of Cato
- Hebrew: Mishnah
Late Antiquity
- Latin: see Late Latin
- * Augustine of Hippo: Confessions, On Christian Doctrine
- * Faltonia Betitia Proba: Cento Vergilianus de laudibus Christi
- * Apicius
- * Pervigilium Veneris
- Syriac: Aphrahat, Ephrem the Syrian
- Aramaic: Jerusalem Talmud
- Chinese:
- * Bao Zhao: Fu on the Ruined City
- * Fan Ye: Book of the Later Han
- Sanskrit: Kālidāsa : Abhijñānaśākuntalam, Meghadūta, Vikramōrvaśīyam
- Tamil:
- *Tirukkural
- * Silappatikaram
- Pahlavi:
- * Matigan-i Hazar Datistan
- * Frahang-i Oim-evak
- Latin: see Late Latin
- * Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus: De Re Militari
- * Augustine of Hippo: The City of God
- * Paulus Orosius: Seven Books of History Against the Pagans
- * Jerome: Vulgate
- * Prudentius: Psychomachia
- * Consentius's grammar
- * Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite: De Coelesti Hierarchia, Mystical Theology
- * Socrates of Constantinople: Historia Ecclesiastica
- Latin: Boethius, De consolatione philosophiae, widely considered to be the last work of classical philosophy
- Aramaic: Babylonian Talmud