Coins of the pound sterling


The standard circulating coinage of the United Kingdom is denominated in pounds sterling, and, since the introduction of the two-pound coin in 1994, ranges in value from one penny to two pounds. Since decimalisation, on 15 February 1971, the pound has been divided into 100 pence. Before decimalisation, twelve pence made a shilling, and twenty shillings made a pound. British coins are minted by the Royal Mint in Llantrisant, Wales. The Royal Mint also commissions the coins' designs.
As of 14 October 2019, there were an estimated 29 billion coins circulating in the United Kingdom.
The first decimal coins were circulated in 1968. These were the five pence and ten pence, and had values of one shilling and two shillings, respectively, under the pre-decimal £sd system. The decimal coins are minted in copper-plated steel, nickel-plated steel, cupronickel and nickel-brass. The two-pound coins, and, as from 28 March 2017 the new one-pound coins, are bimetallic. The coins are discs, except for the twenty pence and fifty pence pieces, both of which have faces that are heptagonal curves of constant width, and the new one-pound coins, which have twelve edges. All the circulating coins have an effigy of Queen Elizabeth II on the obverse, and various national and regional designs, and the denomination, on the reverse. The circulating coins, excepting the two-pound coin, were redesigned in 2008, keeping the sizes and compositions unchanged, but introducing reverse designs that each depict a part of the Royal Shield of Arms and form the whole shield when they are placed together in the appropriate arrangement. The exception, the 2008 one-pound coin, depicts the entire shield of arms on the reverse. All current coins carry a Latin inscription whose full form is ELIZABETH II DEI GRATIA REGINA FIDEI DEFENSATRIX, meaning "Elizabeth II, by the grace of God, Queen and Defender of the Faith".
In addition to the circulating coinage, the UK also mints commemorative decimal coins in the denomination of five pounds. Prior to decimalisation, the denomination of special commemorative coins was five shillings, that is, of a pound. Crowns, therefore, had a face value of 25p from decimalisation until 1981, when the last 25p crown was struck. Ceremonial Maundy money and bullion coinage of gold sovereigns, half sovereigns, and gold and silver Britannia coins are also produced.
Some territories outside the United Kingdom, which use the pound sterling, produce their own coinage, with the same denominations and specifications as the UK coinage but with local designs.
In the years just before decimalisation, the circulating British coins were the half crown, two shillings or florin, shilling, sixpence, threepence, penny and halfpenny. The farthing had been withdrawn on 1 January 1961. There was also the Crown, worth 25p; it was, and still is, legal tender, but normally did not circulate.
All modern coins feature a profile of the current monarch's head. The direction in which they face changes with each successive monarch, a pattern that began with the Stuarts. For the Tudors and pre-Restoration Stuarts, both left and right-facing portrait images were minted within the reign of a single monarch. In the Middle Ages, portrait images tended to be full face.
From a very early date, British coins have been inscribed with the name of the ruler of the kingdom in which they were produced, and a longer or shorter title, always in Latin; among the earliest distinctive English coins are the silver pennies of Offa of Mercia, which were inscribed with the legend OFFA REX, "King Offa". The English silver penny was derived from another silver coin, the sceat, of 20 troy grains weight, which was in general circulation in Europe during the Middle Ages. In the 12th century, Henry II established the sterling silver standard for English coinage, of 92.5% silver and 7.5% copper, replacing the earlier use of fine silver in the Middle Ages. The coinage reform of 1816 set up a weight/value ratio and physical sizes for silver coins. Silver was eliminated from coins, except Maundy coins, in 1947.

History

Manufacture

The history of the Royal Mint stretches back to AD 886. For many centuries production was in London, initially at the Tower of London, and then at premises nearby in Tower Hill in what is today known as Royal Mint Court. In the 1970s production was transferred to Llantrisant in South Wales. Historically Scotland and England had separate coinage; the last Scottish coins were struck in 1709 shortly after union with England.
Coins were originally hand-hammered — an ancient technique in which two dies are struck together with a blank coin between them. This was the traditional method of manufacturing coins in the Western world from the classical Greek era onwards, in contrast with Asia, where coins were traditionally cast. Milled coins were produced first during the reign of Elizabeth I and periodically during the subsequent reigns of James I and Charles I, but there was initially opposition to mechanisation from the moneyers, who ensured that most coins continued to be produced by hammering. All British coins produced since 1662 have been milled.

Origins of the penny

The English penny first appeared in Anglo-Saxon times, as a silver coin. It was derived from another silver coin, the sceat, of 20 troy grains weight, which was in general circulation in Europe during the Middle Ages. The weight of the English penny was fixed at troy grains by Offa of Mercia, an 8th-century contemporary of Charlemagne. The coin's designated value, however, was 24 troy grains of silver, with the difference being a premium attached by virtue of the minting into coins. Thus, 240 pennyweights made one troy pound of silver in weight, and the monetary value of 240 pennies also became known as a "pound". The silver penny remained the primary unit of coinage for about 500 years.
The purity, 92.5% silver was instituted by Henry II in 1158 with the "Tealby Penny", a hammered coin.
Over the years, the penny was gradually debased until by the 16th century it contained about a third the silver content of a pure troy 24 grain pennyweight.

Silver content

From the time of Charlemagne until the 12th century, the silver currency of England was made from the highest purity silver available. But there were disadvantages to minting currency of fine silver, notably the level of wear it suffered, and the ease with which coins could be "clipped", or trimmed.
In the 12th century a new standard for English coinage was established by Henry II — the Sterling Silver standard of 92.5% silver and 7.5% copper. This was a harder-wearing alloy, yet it was still a rather high grade of silver. It went some way towards discouraging the practice of "clipping", though this practice was further discouraged and largely eliminated with the introduction of the milled edge seen on coins today.
During the reign of Henry VIII, the silver content was gradually debased, reaching a low of one-third silver. However, in Edward VI's reign, silver purity was increased to sterling again and the first crowns and half-crowns were produced dated 1551. From this point onwards till 1920, sterling was the rule.
By 1696, the currency had been seriously weakened by an increase in clipping during the Nine Years' War to the extent that it was decided to recall and replace all hammered silver coinage in circulation. The exercise came close to disaster due to fraud and mismanagement, but was saved by the personal intervention of Isaac Newton after his appointment as Warden of the Mint, a post which was intended to be a sinecure, but which he took seriously. Newton was subsequently given the post of Master of the Mint in 1699. Following the 1707 union between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland, Newton used his previous experience to direct the 1707–1710 Scottish recoinage, resulting in a common currency for the new Kingdom of Great Britain. After 15 September 1709 no further silver coins were ever struck in Scotland.
As a result of a report written by Newton on 21 September 1717 to the Lords Commissioners of His Majesty's Treasury the bimetallic relationship between gold coins and silver coins was changed by Royal proclamation on 22 December 1717, forbidding the exchange of gold guineas for more than 21 silver shillings. Due to differing valuations in other European countries this unintentionally resulted in a silver shortage, as silver coins were used to pay for imports, while exports were paid for in gold, effectively moving Britain from the silver standard to its first gold standard, rather than the bimetallic standard implied by the proclamation.
The coinage reform of 1816 set up a weight/value ratio and physical sizes for silver coins.
In 1920, the silver content of all British coins was reduced from 92.5% to 50%, with some of the remainder consisting of manganese, which caused the coins to tarnish to a very dark colour after they had been in circulation for long. Silver was eliminated altogether in 1947, except for Maundy coinage, which returned to the pre-1920 92.5% silver composition.
The 1816 weight/value ratio and size system survived the debasement of silver in 1920, and the adoption of token coins of cupronickel in 1947. It even persisted after decimalisation for those coins which had equivalents and continued to be minted with their values in new pence. The UK finally abandoned it in 1992 when smaller, more convenient, "silver" coins were introduced.

Monarch's head

All coins since the 17th century have featured a profile of the current monarch's head. The direction in which they face changes with each successive monarch, a pattern that began with the Stuarts, as shown in the table below:
For the Tudors and pre-Restoration Stuarts, both left- and right-facing portrait images were minted within the reign of a single monarch. In the Middle Ages, portrait images tended to be full face.
There was a small quirk in this alternating pattern when Edward VIII became king in January 1936 and was portrayed facing left, the same as his predecessor George V. This was because Edward thought his left side to be better than his right. However, Edward VIII abdicated in December 1936 and his coins were never put into general circulation. When George VI came to the throne, he had his coins struck with him facing the left, as if Edward VIII's coins had faced right. Thus, in a timeline of circulating British coins, George V and VI's coins both feature left-facing portraits, although they follow directly chronologically.

Currently circulating coinage

Production and distribution

All genuine UK coins are produced by the Royal Mint. The same coinage is used across the United Kingdom: unlike banknotes, local issues of coins are not produced for different parts of the UK. The pound coin until 2016 was produced in regional designs, but these circulate equally in all parts of the UK.
Every year, newly minted coins are checked for size, weight, and composition at a Trial of the Pyx. Essentially the same procedure has been used since the 13th century. Assaying is now done by the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths on behalf of HM Treasury.
The 1p and 2p coins from 1971 are the oldest standard-issue coins still in circulation. Pre decimal crowns are the oldest coins in general that are still legal tender, despite rarely encountered in circulation.
Coins from the British dependencies and territories that use the pound as their currency are sometimes found in change in other jurisdictions. Strictly, they are not legal tender in the United Kingdom; however, since they have the same specifications as UK coins, they are sometimes tolerated in commerce, and can readily be used in vending machines.
UK-issued coins are, on the other hand, generally fully accepted and freely mixed in other British dependencies and territories that use the pound.
An extensive coinage redesign was commissioned by the Royal Mint in 2005, and new designs were gradually introduced into the circulating British coinage from summer 2008. The pre-2008 coins will remain legal tender and are expected to stay in circulation for the foreseeable future.

Coins in circulation

Estimated as at March 2016
DenominationNumber of
pieces
Face value
Two pounds479957.036
One pound1,6711,671.328
Fifty pence1,053526.153
Twenty-five pence8120
Twenty pence3,004600.828
Ten pence1,713171.312
Five pence4,075203.764
Two pence6,714134.273
One penny11,430114.299
Total30,1394,643.658

Dimensions

Stated as largest value
DenominationDiameter
Thickness
Ten pounds65.02.5
Five pounds38.612.5
Two pounds28.42.5
Old one pound22.53.15
2017+ one pound23.432.8
Fifty pence27.31.78
Twenty-five pence38.612.5
Twenty pence21.41.7
Ten pence24.51.85
Five pence18.01.7
Two pence25.92.03
One penny20.31.65

UK decimal coinage history

Decimalisation

Since decimalisation on 15 February 1971 the pound has been divided into 100 pence. pence; thus, there were 240
The first decimal coins – the five pence and ten pence — were introduced in 1968 in the run-up to decimalisation in order to familiarise the public with the new system. These initially circulated alongside the pre-decimal coinage and had the same size and value as the existing one shilling and two shilling coins respectively. The fifty pence coin followed in 1969, replacing the old ten shilling note. The remaining decimal coins – at the time, the half penny, penny and two pence — were issued in 1971 at decimalisation. A quarter-penny coin, to be struck in aluminium, was proposed at the time decimalisation was being planned, but was never minted.
The new coins were initially marked with the wording NEW PENNY or NEW PENCE. The word "new" was dropped in 1982. The symbol "p" was adopted to distinguish the new pennies from the old, which used the symbol "d".

Post 1982

In the years since decimalisation, a number of changes have been made to the coinage. The twenty pence coin was introduced in 1982 to fill the gap between the 10p and 50p coins. The pound coin was introduced in 1983 to replace the Bank of England £1 banknote which was discontinued in 1984. The designs on the one pound coin changed annually in a largely five-year cycle, until the introduction of the new 12-sided pound coin in 2017.
The decimal half penny coin was demonetised in 1984 as its value was by then too small to be useful. The pre-decimal sixpence, shilling and two shilling coins, which had continued to circulate alongside the decimal coinage with values of p, 5p and 10p respectively, were finally withdrawn in 1980, 1990 and 1993 respectively. However, the double florin and crown with values of 20p and 25p respectively have not been withdrawn.
In the 1990s, the Royal Mint reduced the sizes of the 5p, 10p, and 50p coins. As a consequence, the oldest 5p coins in circulation date from 1990, the oldest 10p coins from 1992 and the oldest 50p coins come from 1997. Since 1997, many special commemorative designs of 50p have been issued. Some of these are found fairly frequently in circulation and some are rare. They are all legal tender.
The specifications and dates of introduction of the 5p, 10p, and 50p coins refer to the current versions. These coins were originally issued in larger sizes in 1968 and 1969 respectively.
With their high copper content, the intrinsic value of pre-1992 1p and 2p coins increased with the surge in metal prices of the mid-2000s, until by 2006 the coins would, if melted down, have been worth about 50% more than their face value. In later years, the price of copper fell considerably. Copper plated steel coins were introduced to replace them.
A circulating bimetallic two pound coin was introduced in 1998. There had previously been unimetallic commemorative £2 coins which did not normally circulate. This tendency to use the two pound coin for commemorative issues has continued since the introduction of the bimetallic coin, and a few of the older unimetallic coins have since entered circulation.
There are also commemorative issues of crowns. Before 1990, these had a face value of twenty-five pence, equivalent to the five shilling crown used in pre-decimal Britain. However, in 1990 crowns were redenominated with a face value of five pounds as the previous value was considered not sufficient for such a high-status coin. The size and weight of the coin remained exactly the same. Decimal crowns are generally not found in circulation as their market value is likely to be higher than their face value, but they remain legal tender.

2008 redesign

In 2008, UK coins underwent an extensive redesign, which changed the reverse designs, and some other details, of all coins except the £2. The original intention was to exclude both the £1 and £2 coins from the redesign because they were "relatively new additions" to the coinage, but it was later decided to include the £1 coin. This was the first wholesale change to British coinage since the first decimal coins were introduced in April 1968.
The new coins were initially to be put into circulation in early 2008, although they did not actually start to appear until mid-2008.
The major design feature was the introduction of a reverse design shared across six coins, that can be pieced together to form an image of the Royal Shield. This was the first time a coin design had been featured across multiple coins in this way. Completing the set, the new £1 reverse features the Shield in its entirety. The effigy of the Queen, by Ian Rank-Broadley, continued to appear on the obverse of all the coins until 2015 when it was replaced by the fifth and latest portrait, designed by Jody Clark.
On all coins, the beading around the edge of the obverses has been removed. The obverse of the 20p coin has also been amended to incorporate the year, which had been on the reverse of the coin since its introduction in 1982. The orientation of both sides of the 50p coin has been rotated through 180 degrees, meaning the bottom of the coin is now a corner rather than a flat edge. The numerals showing the decimal value of each coin, previously present on all coins except £2 and £1, have been removed, leaving the values spelled out in words only.
The redesign was the result of a competition launched by the Royal Mint in August 2005, which closed on 14 November 2005. The competition was open to the public and received over 4,000 entries. The winning entry was unveiled on 2 April 2008, designed by Matthew Dent. The Royal Mint stated the new designs were "reflecting a twenty-first century Britain". An advisor to the Royal Mint described the new coins as "post-modern" and said that this was something that could not have been done 50 years previously.
The redesign was criticised by some for having no specifically Welsh symbol, because the Royal Shield does not include a specifically Welsh symbol. Wrexham MP Ian Lucas, who was also campaigning to have the Welsh Dragon included on the Union Flag, called the omission "disappointing", and stated that he would be writing to the Queen to request that the Royal Standard be changed to include Wales. The Royal Mint stated that "the Shield of the Royal Arms is symbolic of the whole of the United Kingdom and as such, represents Wales, Scotland, England and Northern Ireland." Designer Dent stated "I am a Welshman and proud of it, but I never thought about the fact we did not have a dragon or another representation of Wales on the design because as far as I am concerned Wales is represented on the Royal Arms. This was never an issue for me."
The designs were also criticised for not including a portrayal of Britannia, the female personification of Britain whose image has appeared on British coinage continuously since 1672. In response to the concern over the loss of Britannia, the chairman of the Royal Mint Advisory Committee stated "There are 806 million Britannias in circulation at the moment . They will remain in circulation. They will see all of us out, until they die a natural death. So whatever happens, Britannia stays around".
The Royal Mint's choice of an inexperienced coin designer to produce the new coinage was criticised by Virginia Ironside, daughter of Christopher Ironside who designed the previous UK coins. She stated that the new designs were "totally unworkable as actual coins", due to the loss of a numerical currency identifier, and the smaller typeface used.
The German news magazine Der Spiegel claimed that the redesign signalled the UK's intention "not to join the euro any time soon".

Steel 5p and 10p coins

As of 2012, 5p and 10p coins have been issued in nickel-plated steel, and much of the remaining cupronickel types withdrawn, in order to retrieve more expensive metals. The new coins are 11% thicker to maintain the same weight.
There are heightened nickel allergy concerns over the new coins. Studies commissioned by the Royal Mint found no increased discharge of nickel from the coins when immersed in artificial sweat. However, an independent study found that the friction from handling results in four times as much nickel exposure as from the older-style coins. Sweden already plans to desist from using nickel in coins from 2015.

2016 £1 coin design change

In 2016, the £1 coin design was changed from a round single metal design to a 12-sided bi-metal design, with a slightly larger diameter.

Summary of denominations

Current

Circulating coinage

DenominationObverseReverseDiameterThicknessMassCompositionEdgeIntroduced
One pennyQueen Elizabeth IICrowned portcullis with chains
"New Penny"
"One Penny"
Segment of the Royal Arms 		20.3 mm1.52 mm3.56 gBronze Smooth1971
One pennyQueen Elizabeth IICrowned portcullis with chains
"New Penny"
"One Penny"
Segment of the Royal Arms 		20.3 mm1.65 mm3.56 gCopper-plated steelSmooth1992
Two penceQueen Elizabeth IIPlume of ostrich feathers within a coronet
"New Pence"
"Two Pence"
Segment of the Royal Arms 		25.9 mm1.85 mm7.12 gBronzeSmooth1971
Two penceQueen Elizabeth IIPlume of ostrich feathers within a coronet
"New Pence"
"Two Pence"
Segment of the Royal Arms 		25.9 mm2.03 mm7.12 gCopper-plated steelSmooth1992
Five pence*Queen Elizabeth IICrowned thistle18 mm1.7 mm
1.89 mm 		3.25 gCupronickel 1990–2011
Nickel-plated steel 2012–Present		Milled1990
Five pence*Queen Elizabeth IISegment of the Royal Arms18 mm1.7 mm
1.89 mm 		3.25 gCupronickel 1990–2011
Nickel-plated steel 2012–Present		Milled2008
Ten pence*Queen Elizabeth IICrowned lion24.5 mm1.85 mm
2.05 mm 		6.5 gCupronickel 1992–2012
Nickel-plated steel 2012–Present		Milled1992
Ten pence*Queen Elizabeth IISegment of the Royal Arms24.5 mm1.85 mm
2.05 mm 		6.5 gCupronickel 1992–2012
Nickel-plated steel 2012–Present		Milled2008
Twenty penceQueen Elizabeth IICrowned Tudor Rose21.4 mm1.7 mm5 gCupronickel Smooth, Reuleaux heptagon1982
Twenty penceQueen Elizabeth IISegment of the Royal Arms21.4 mm1.7 mm5 gCupronickel Smooth, Reuleaux heptagon2008
Fifty pence*Queen Elizabeth IIBritannia and lion27.3 mm1.78 mm8 gCupronickel Smooth, Reuleaux heptagon1997
Fifty pence*Queen Elizabeth IIVarious commemorative designs27.3 mm1.78 mm8 gCupronickel Smooth, Reuleaux heptagon1998
Fifty pence*Queen Elizabeth IISegment of the Royal Arms27.3 mm1.78 mm8 gCupronickel Smooth, Reuleaux heptagon2008
One poundQueen Elizabeth IIRose, leek, thistle, and shamrock encircled by a coronet23.03–23.43 mm2.8 mm8.75 gInner: Nickel-plated alloy
Outer: Nickel-brass		Alternately milled and plain 28 March 2017
Two pounds†Queen Elizabeth IIDesign by Bruce Rushin and various commemorative designers since 199928.4 mm2.5 mm12 gInner: Cupronickel
Outer: Nickel-brass		Milled with variable inscription and/or decoration1997

* The specifications and dates of introduction of the 5p, 10p, and 50p coins refer to the current versions. These coins were originally issued in larger sizes in 1968 and 1969 respectively.
†This coin was originally issued in a smaller size in a single metal in 1986 for special issues only. It was redesigned as a bi-metallic issue for general circulation in 1997.
With their high copper content, the intrinsic value of pre-1992 1p and 2p coins increased with the surge in metal prices of the mid-2000s, until by 2006 the coins, would, if melted down, have been worth about 50% more than their face value. In subsequent years the price of copper fell considerably from these peaks.

Commemorative issues

The following are commemorative issues and are seldom encountered in normal circulation due to their precious metal content.
DenominationObverseReverseDiameterThicknessMassCompositionEdgeIntroduced
Twenty-five penceQueen Elizabeth IINo standard reverse design38.61 mm2.89 mm31.10 gSilverMilled, with variable inscription1972
Twenty-five penceQueen Elizabeth IINo standard reverse design38.61 mm2.89 mm28.28 gCupronickel Milled, with variable inscription1972
Five poundsQueen Elizabeth IINo standard reverse design38.61 mm2.89 mm31.10 gSilverMilled, with variable inscription1990
Five poundsQueen Elizabeth IINo standard reverse design38.61 mm2.89 mm28.28 gCupronickelMilled, with variable inscription1990
Ten poundsQueen Elizabeth IINo standard reverse design65.0 mm2.5 mm155.5 gSilverMilled2012
Twenty poundsQueen Elizabeth IINo standard reverse design27.00 mmUnknown15.71 gSilverMilled2013
Fifty poundsQueen Elizabeth IIBritannia34.00 mmUnknown31 gSilverMilled2015
One hundred poundsQueen Elizabeth IIElizabeth Tower 'Big Ben'40.00 mmUnknown62.86 gSilverMilled2015

Obsolete coinage

The following decimal coins have been withdrawn from circulation and have ceased to be legal tender.
DenominationObverseReverseDiameterThicknessMassCompositionEdgeIntroducedWithdrawn
Half PennyQueen Elizabeth IISt Edward's Crown17.4 mm1 mm1.78 gBronzeSmooth19711984
Five pence*Queen Elizabeth IICrowned Thistle23.59 mm1.7 mm5.65 gCupronickelMilled19681990
Ten pence*Queen Elizabeth IICrowned Lion28.5 mm1.85 mm11.31 gCupronickelMilled19681992
Fifty pence*Queen Elizabeth IISeated Britannia alongside a Lion30.0 mm1.78 mm13.5 gCupronickelSmooth, Reuleaux heptagon19691997
Fifty pence*Queen Elizabeth IIVarious commemorative designs30.0 mm1.78 mm13.5 gCupronickelSmooth, Reuleaux heptagon19731997
One Pound†Queen Elizabeth IINumerous different designs22.5 mm3.15 mm9.5 gNickel-brassMilled with variable inscription and/or decoration198315 October 2017
One Pound†Queen Elizabeth IIRoyal Shield22.5 mm3.15 mm9.5 gNickel-brassMilled with variable inscription and/or decoration200815 October 2017
Two poundsQueen Elizabeth IINo standard reverse design28.4 mm~3 mm15.98 gNickel-brassMilled with variable inscription and/or decoration19861998

* The specifications and dates of 5p, 10p, and 50p coins refer to the larger sizes issued since 1968.
† The specification refers to the round coin issued from 1983–2016. Although obsolete, this coin is still redeemable at banks and the British railway systems, and is still legal tender on the Isle of Man.

UK designs

Obverse

All modern British coins feature a profile of the current monarch's head on the obverse. There has been only one monarch since decimalisation, Queen Elizabeth II, so her head appears on all decimal coins, facing to the right. However, five different effigies have been used, reflecting the Queen's changing appearance as she has aged. These are the effigies by Mary Gillick, Arnold Machin, Raphael Maklouf, Ian Rank-Broadley, and Jody Clark.
All current coins carry a Latin inscription whose full form is ELIZABETH II DEI GRATIA REGINA FIDEI DEFENSATRIX, meaning "Elizabeth II, by the grace of God, Queen and Defender of the Faith". The inscription appears on the coins in any of several abbreviated forms, typically ELIZABETH II D G REG F D.
From 2008, the circle of dots between the lettering and the rim was removed from the 1p, 2p, 5, and 10p and £1. It was never on the 20p and 50p, and is retained on the £2.

Original reverse designs

The original standard-issue decimal coinage reverse designs are as follows:
Up until the 2008 redesign, the reverse designs of the one pound coin have followed a five-year cycle. This cycle successively represents, by using royal heraldic badges, each of the four constituent countries of the United Kingdom, namely Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and England, with the Royal Coat of Arms used in every fifth year. From 2008 until 2016, a single design based on the Royal Coat of Arms was issued every year, with additional designs representing the nations issued sporadically.

Royal Shield reverse

The 1p, 2p, 5p, 10p, 20p and 50p coin designs post 2008 each depicts a part of the Royal Shield, and form the whole shield when they are placed together in the appropriate arrangement. The Royal Shield is seen in its entirety on the £1 coin.
The 1p, 2p, 20p and 50p coins have smooth edges. The 5p, 10p, £1 and £2 coins have milled edges. The milling, in combination with the non-circular shape of the 20p and 50p, serve as the primary means of identification and differentiation between coinage for blind or visually impaired people. Historically, milling also served to discourage coin clipping.
The £1 coin and £2 coins have, inscribed into the milling, words or a decoration related to their face design. Many issues of the £1 coin carry one of the following edge inscriptions:
The standard-issue £2 coin carries the edge inscription STANDING ON THE SHOULDERS OF GIANTS. Other designs of the coin are issued from time to time to commemorate special events or anniversaries. These may have special edge inscriptions relevant to the theme, or the edge inscription may be replaced by a decorative motif.

Commemorative designs

Circulating fifty pence and two pound coins have been issued with various commemorative reverse designs, typically to mark the anniversaries of historical events or the births of notable people.
Three commemorative designs were issued of the large version of the 50p: in 1973, 1992–3 and 1994. Commemorative designs of the smaller 50p coin have been issued in 1998, 2000, and from 2003 to 2007 yearly. For a complete list, see Fifty pence.
Prior to 1997, the two pound coin was minted in commemorative issues only – in 1986, 1989, 1994, 1995 and 1996. Commemorative £2 coins have been regularly issued since 1999, alongside the standard-issue bi-metallic coins which were introduced in 1997. One or two designs have been minted each year, with the exception of none in 2000, and four regional 2002 issues marking the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester. As well as a distinct reverse design, these coins have an edge inscription relevant to the subject. The anniversary themes are continued until at least 2009, with two designs announced. For a complete list, see Two pounds.

Non-UK coinage

Outside the United Kingdom, the British Crown Dependencies of Jersey and Guernsey use the pound sterling as their currencies. However, they produce local issues of coinage in the same denominations and specifications, but with different designs. These circulate freely alongside UK coinage and English, Northern Irish, and Scottish banknotes within these territories, but must be converted in order to be used in the UK. The island of Alderney also produces occasional commemorative coins. . The Isle of Man is a unique case among the Crown Dependencies, issuing its own currency, the Manx pound. While the Isle of Man recognises the Pound Sterling as a secondary currency, coins of the Manx pound are not legal tender in the UK.
The pound sterling is also the official currency of the British overseas territories of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, British Antarctic Territory and Tristan da Cunha. South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands produces occasional special collectors' sets of coins. In 2008, British Antarctic Territory issued a £2 coin commemorating the centenary of Britain's claim to the region.
The currencies of the British overseas territories of Gibraltar, the Falkland Islands and Saint Helena/Ascension — namely the Gibraltar pound, Falkland Islands pound and Saint Helena pound — are pegged one-to-one to the pound sterling but are technically separate currencies. These territories issue their own coinage, again with the same denominations and specifications as the UK coinage but with local designs, as coins of the Gibraltar pound, coins of the Falkland Islands pound and coins of the Saint Helena pound.
The other British overseas territories do not use the pound as their official currency.

Non-circulating coins

25p and £5 coins

Although these coins are in practice very rarely found in circulation, they are for convenience described with the circulating coins, above.

Maundy money

is a ceremonial coinage traditionally given to the poor, and nowadays awarded annually to deserving senior citizens. There are Maundy coins in denominations of one, two, three and four pence. They bear dates from 1822 to the present and are minted in very small quantities. Though they are legal tender in the UK, they are never encountered in circulation. The pre-decimal Maundy pieces have the same legal tender status and value as post-decimal ones, and effectively increased in face value by 140% upon decimalisation. Their numismatic value is much greater.
Maundy coins still bear the original portrait of the Queen as used in the circulating coins of the first years of her reign.

Bullion coinage

The traditional bullion coin issued by Britain is the gold sovereign, formerly a circulating coin representing 20 shillings, but now with a nominal value of one pound. The Royal Mint continues to produce sovereigns, as well as quarter sovereigns, half sovereigns, double sovereigns and quintuple sovereigns.
Between 1987 and 2012 a series of bullion coins, the Britannia, was issued, containing,,, and of fine gold at a millesimal fineness of 916 and with face values of £100, £50, £25, and £10.
Since 2013 Britannia bullion contains of fine gold at a millesimal fineness of 999.
Between 1997 and 2012 silver bullion coins have also been produced under the name “Britannias”. The alloy used was Britannia silver. The silver coins were available in,,, and sizes. Since 2013 the alloy used is silver at a.
In 2016 the Royal Mint launched a series of 10 Queen's Beasts bullion coins, one for each beast available in both gold and silver.
The Royal Mint also issues silver, gold and platinum proof sets of the circulating coins, as well as gift products such as gold coins set into jewellery.

Pre-decimal coinage

System

Before decimalisation in 1971, the pound was divided into 240 pence rather than 100, though it was rarely expressed in this way. Rather it was expressed in terms of pounds, shillings and pence, where:
Thus: £1 = 240 pence. The penny was further subdivided at various times, though these divisions vanished as inflation made them irrelevant:
Using the example of five shillings and sixpence, the standard ways of writing shillings and pence were:
The sum of 5/6 would be spoken as "five shillings and sixpence" or "five and six".
The abbreviation for the old penny, d, was derived from the Roman denarius, and the abbreviation for the shilling, s, from the Roman solidus. The shilling was also denoted by the slash symbol, also called a solidus for this reason, which was originally an adaptation of the long s. The symbol "£", for the pound, is derived from the first letter of the Latin word for pound, libra.
A similar pre-decimal system operated in France, also based on the Roman currency, consisting of the livre, sol or sou and denier. Until 1816 another similar system was used in the Netherlands, consisting of the gulden, stuiver and duit,.

Denominations

In the years just prior to decimalisation, the circulating British coins were:
DenominationObverseReverseDiameterThicknessMassCompositionEdgeIntroducedWithdrawn
Farthing Various MonarchsWren 20.19 mm2.83gBronzeSmooth18601961
Half penny Various MonarchsGolden Hind 25.48 mm5.67gBronzeSmooth18601969
Penny Various MonarchsBritannia31 mmBronzeSmooth18601971
Threepence King George VI 1937–1952
Queen Elizabeth II 1953–1971		Thrift until 1952 Crowned portcullis with chains21.0–21.8 mm2.5 mm6.8gNickel-brassPlain 19371971
Sixpence King George VI 1946–1952
Queen Elizabeth II 1953–1971		Crowned royal cypher until 1952 Floral design – Four Home Nations19.41 mm2.83gCupronickelMilled19471980
Shilling King George VI 1946–1952
Queen Elizabeth II 1953–1971		Crowned lion on Tudor crown or Crowned lion standing on Scottish crown until 1952 Coat of Arms of England or Scotland23.60 mm1.7 mm5.66gCupronickelMilled19471990
Florin King George VI 1946–1952
Queen Elizabeth II 1953–1971		Crowned rose flanked by a thistle and shamrock until 1952 Rose encircled by thistle, leek and shamrock28.5 mm1.85 mm11.31gCupronickelMilled19471992
Half crown King George VI 1946–1952
Queen Elizabeth II 1953–1971		Royal Shield flanked by crowned royal cypher until 1952 Crowned Royal Shield32.31 mm14.14gCupronickelMilled19471969
Crown King George VI 1946–1952
Queen Elizabeth II 1953–1971		Various commemorative designs38 mm2.89 mm28.28gCupronickelMilled1951Present

The farthing had been demonetised on 1 January 1961, whilst the crown was issued periodically as a commemorative coin but rarely found in circulation.
The crown, half crown, florin, shilling, and sixpence were cupronickel coins ; the penny, halfpenny, and farthing were bronze; and the threepence was a twelve-sided nickel-brass coin.
Some of the pre-decimalisation coins with exact decimal equivalent values continued in use after 1971 alongside the new coins, albeit with new names, and the others were withdrawn almost immediately. The use of florins and shillings as legal tender in this way ended in 1991 and 1993 when the 5p and 10p coins were replaced with smaller versions. Indeed, while pre-decimalisation shillings were used as 5p coins, for a while after decimalisation many people continued to call the new 5p coin a shilling, since it remained of a pound, but was now counted as 5p instead of 12d. The pre-decimalisation sixpence, also known as a sixpenny bit or sixpenny piece, was equivalent to p, but was demonetised in 1980.
Five poundsTwo poundsSovereign
CrownHalf crownFlorinShillingSixpenceGroatThreepencePennyHalfpennyFarthingHalf farthingThird farthingQuarter farthing
Five pounds1520405010020030040012002400480096001440019200
Two pounds128162040801201604809601920384057607680
Sovereign
''1481020406080240480960192028803840
Crown'12510152060120240480720960
Half crown'15103060120240360480
Florin'12468244896192288384
Shilling'123412244896144192
Sixpence'1261224487296
Groat'14816324864
Threepence'13612243648
Penny'12481216
Halfpenny'12468
Farthing'1234
Half farthing'12
Third farthing'1
Quarter farthing1

Slang and everyday usage

Some pre-decimalisation coins or denominations became commonly known by colloquial and slang terms, perhaps the most well known being bob for a shilling, and quid for a pound. A farthing was a mag, a silver threepence was a joey and the later nickel-brass threepence was called a threepenny bit ; a sixpence was a tanner, the two-shilling coin or florin was a two-bob bit. Bob is still used in phrases such as "earn/worth a bob or two", and "bob‐a‐job week". The two shillings and sixpence coin or half-crown was a half dollar, also sometimes referred to as two and a kick. A value of two pence was universally pronounced tuppence, a usage which is still heard today, especially among older people. The unaccented suffix "-pence", pronounced, was similarly appended to the other numbers up to twelve; thus "fourpence", "sixpence-three-farthings", "twelvepence-ha'penny", but "eighteen pence" would usually be said "one-and-six".
Quid remains as popular slang for one or more pounds to this day in Britain in the form "a quid" and then "two quid", and so on. Similarly, in some parts of the country, bob continued to represent one-twentieth of a pound, that is five new pence, and two bob is 10p.
The introduction of decimal currency caused a new casual usage to emerge, where any value in pence is spoken using the suffix pee: e.g. "twenty-three pee" or, in the early years, "two-and-a-half pee" rather than the previous "tuppence-ha'penny". Amounts over a pound are normally spoken thus: "five pounds forty". A value with less than ten pence over the pound is sometimes spoken like this: "one pound and a penny", "three pounds and fourpence". The slang term "bit" has almost disappeared from use completely, although in Scotland a fifty pence is sometimes referred to as a "ten bob bit". Decimal denomination coins are generally described using the terms piece or coin, for example, "a fifty-pee piece", a "ten-pence coin".

Coins in the colonies

A d coin was circulated in Jamaica in the nineteenth century. Jamaicans referred to the coin as a "quatty".

Minting errors reaching circulation

Coins with errors in the minting process that reach circulation are often seen as valuable items by coin collectors.
In 1983, the Royal Mint mistakenly produced some two pence pieces with the old wording "New Pence" on the reverse side, when the design had been changed from 1982 to "Two Pence".
In 2016, a batch of double dated £1 coins were released into circulation. These coins had the main date on the obverse stating '2017', but the micro-engraving having '2016' on it. it is not known how many exist and are in circulation, but the amount is less then half a million.
In June 2009, the Royal Mint estimated that between 50,000 and 200,000 dateless 20 pence coins had entered circulation, the first undated British coin to enter circulation in more than 300 years. It resulted from the accidental combination of old and new face tooling in a production batch, creating what is known as a mule, following the 2008 redesign which moved the date from the reverse to the obverse side.

Regal titles

From a very early date, British coins have been inscribed with the name of the ruler of the kingdom in which they were produced, and a longer or shorter title, always in Latin; among the earliest distinctive English coins are the silver pennies of Offa of Mercia, which were inscribed with the legend OFFA REX "King Offa". As the legends became longer, words in the inscriptions were often abbreviated so that they could fit on the coin; identical legends have often been abbreviated in different ways depending upon the size and decoration of the coin. Inscriptions which go around the edge of the coin generally have started at the center of the top edge and proceeded in a clockwise direction. A very lengthy legend would be continued on the reverse side of the coin. All but Edward III and both Elizabeths use Latinised names.
More recent legends include the following :
In addition to the title, a Latin or French motto might be included, generally on the reverse side of the coin. These varied between denominations and issues; some were personal to the monarch, others were more general. Some of the mottos were: