Haplogroup K2b (Y-DNA)
Haplogroup K2b , also known as MPS is a human y-chromosome haplogroup that is thought to be less than 3,000 years younger than K, and less than 10,000 years younger than F, meaning it probably is around 50,000 years old, according to the age estimates of Tatiana Karafet et al. 2014.
Basal K2b* has been found only in the remains of an individual known as Tianyuan man, who was alive some time between 42,000 and 39,000 years BP, during the upper paleolithic era, near the future site of Beijing, China. The basal clade has been erroneously attributed to another individual, known as RISE94, who lived 3,000 years before BP in Sweden; RISE94 is now known to belong to as R1a. K2b* has not been not been identified in living males.
K2b1 known previously as Haplogroup MS, and Haplogroup P, also known as K2b2 are the only primary clades of K2b. The population geneticist Tatiana Karafet and other researchers point out that K2b1, its subclades and P* are virtually restricted geographically to South East Asia and Oceania. Whereas, in a striking contrast, P1 and its primary subclades Q and R now make up "the most frequent haplogroup in Europe, the Americas, and Central Asia and South Asia". According to Karafet et al., the estimated dates for the branching of K, K2, K2b and P point to a "rapid diversification" within K2 "that likely occurred in Southeast Asia", with subsequent "westward expansions" of P*, P1, Q and R.
Phylogenetic structure
- K2b, also known as MPS.
- * K2b1, similar to the previous Haplogroup MS.
- ** Haplogroup S also known as K2b1a.
- ** Haplogroup M also known as K2b1b.
- * Haplogroup P – also known as K2b2.
- **P1 – also known as K2b2a; descendant subclades include the major haplogroups Q and R.''
Distribution
Some Negrito populations of South-East Asia carry very high levels of K2b at the subclade level. It is carried, for instance, by more than 83% of males among the Aeta people of the Philippines, in the form of K2b1, P* and P2.
K2b1
K2b1 is found in 83% of males of Papua New Guinea, and up to 60% in the Aeta people of the Philippines. It is also found among other Melanesian populations, as well as indigenous Australians, and at lower levels amongst Polynesians.Major studies of indigenous Australian Y-DNA, published in 2014 and 2015, suggest that about 29% of indigenous Australian males belong to subclades of K2b1. That is, up to 27% indigenous Australian males carry haplogroup S1a1a1, and one study found that approximately 2.0% – i.e. 0.9% of the sample in a study in which 45% of the total was deemed to be non-indigenous – belonged to haplogroup M1. All of these males carrying M1 were Torres Strait Islanders.
| Population | K2b1 |
| Papua New Guinea | 82.76% |
| Maori | 03.82% |
| Fiji | 60.75% |
| Solomon Islands | 71.9% |
| French Polynesia | 08% |
| Vanuatu | 76.5% |
| New Caledonia | |
| Guam | 33.3% |
| Samoa | 08.04% |
| Kiribati | 00% |
| Tonga | 20.69% |
| Micronesia FDR | 66.67% |
| Marshall Islands | 63.64% |
| American Samoa | |
| Northern Mariana Islands | |
| Palau | 61.5% |
| Cook Islands | 03.9% |
| Wallis and Futuna | 26% |
| Tuvalu | 36% |
| Nauru | 28.6% |
| Norfolk Island | |
| Niue | 00% |
| Tokelau | 50% |
| Hawaii | 20% |
| Aboriginal Australians | 29% |
| Timor | 25% |
| Aeta | 60% |
| Malay | 02.4% |
| Flores | 35% |
| Sulawesi | 11.3% |
| East Indonesia | 25.9% |
| Java Indonesia | 00% |
| Bali Indonesia | 00.9% |
| Sumatra Indonesia | 00% |
| Borneo Indonesia | 05.8% |
| West Papua | 52.6% |
| West Papua | 82.6% |
| Sumba Indonesia | 25.2% |
| Chukkese people Micronesia | 76.5% |
| Pohnpeian people Micronesia | 70% |
P (K2b2)
Apart from the basal paragroup P*, it has only one subclade: P1, also known as K2b2a – which is also the parent of the major haplogroups Q and R.P descendant haplogroups Q and R is widely distributed among males of Native American, Central Asian, South Asian and European ancestry.
Basal P* (K2b2*)
P-P295* is found among 28% of males among the Aeta, as well as in Timor at 10.8%, and one case may have been found in Papua New Guinea although this has not been verified.| Population | Rate of P* | Notes |
| Papua New Guinea | 0.69 | assumed from Kayser et al. 2006, i.e. one P* found |
| New Zealand | 0 | |
| Fiji | 0 | |
| Solomon Islands | 0 | |
| French Polynesia | 0 | |
| Vanuatu | 0 | |
| New Caledonia | ||
| Guam | 0 | |
| Samoa | 0 | |
| Kiribati | ||
| Tonga | 0 | |
| Federated States of Micronesia | 0 | |
| Marshall Islands | 0 | |
| American Samoa | ||
| Northern Mariana Islands | ||
| Palau | ||
| Cook Islands | 0 | |
| Wallis and Futuna | 0 | |
| Tuvalu | 0 | |
| Nauru | ||
| Norfolk Island | ||
| Niue | 0 | small sample size |
| Tokelau | 0 | small sample size |
| Hawaii | 0 | small sample size from FTDNA |
| Australia | 0 | |
| Timor | 10.8 | |
| Aeta | 28 | |
| Filipino Austronesian | 0 | |
| Malay | 0 | |
| Flores | 0 | |
| Sulawesi | 0.6 | |
| East Indonesia | 0 | |
| Java Indonesia | 0 | |
| Bali Indonesia | 0 | |
| Sumatra Indonesia | 0 | |
| Borneo Indonesia | 0 | |
| West Papua Province | 0 | |
| Papua Province | 0 | |
| Sumba Indonesia | 3.2 | - |
P1 (K2b2a)
P1, also known as K2b2a, is hundreds of times more common than P*, as it includes haplogroups Q and R, is estimated as being 14,300 years younger than K2b.Many ethnic groups with high frequencies of P1 are located in Central Asia and Siberia: 35.4% among Tuvans, 28.3% among Altaian Kizhi, and 35% among Nivkh males.
Modern South Asian populations also feature P1 at low to moderate frequencies. In South Asia it is most frequent among the Muslims of Manipur, but this may be due to a very small sample size. Cases of P1 reported in South Asia may be unresolved cases or R2 or Q.
| Population group | Paper | N | Percentage | SNPs Tested | |
| Tuvinian | Darenko 2005 | 113 | 35.40 | P-M45 | |
| Nivkh | Lell 2001 | 17 | 35 | P-M45 | |
| Altai-Kizhi | Darenko 2005 | 92 | 28.3 | P-M45 | |
| Todjin | Darenko 2005 | 36 | 22.2 | P-M45 | |
| Chukchi | Lell 2001 | 24 | 20.8 | P-M45 | |
| Koryak | Lell 2001 | 27 | 18.5 | P-M45 | |
| Yupik | Lell 2001 | 33 | 18.2 | P-M45 | |
| Uighur | Xue 2006 | 70 | 17.1 | P-M45 | |
| Kalmyk | Darenko 2005 | 68 | 11.8 | P-M45 | |
| Turkmen | Wells 2001 | 30 | 10 | P-M45 | |
| Soyot | Darenko 2005 | 34 | 8.8 | P-M45 | |
| Uriankhai | Katoh 2004 | 60 | 8.3 | P-M45 | |
| Khakas | Darenko 2005 | 53 | 7.6 | P-M45 | |
| Kazakh | Wells 2001 | 54 | 5.6 | P-M45 | |
| Uzbek | Wells 2001 | 366 | 5.5 | P-M45 | |
| Khasi-Khmuic | Reddy 2009 | 353 | 5.40 | P-M45 § | |
| Mundari | Reddy 2009 | 64 | 10.90 | P-M45 § | |
| Nicobarese | Reddy 2009 | 11 | 0.00 | P-M45 § | |
| Southeast Asia | Reddy 2009 | 257 | 1.60 | P-M45 § | |
| Garo | Reddy 2009 | 71 | 1.40 | P-M45 § | |
| India | Reddy 2009 | 226 | 3.10 | P-M45 § | |
| East Asia | Reddy 2009 | 214 | 0.00 | P-M45 § | |
| Eastern India | Reddy 2009 | 54 | 18.50 | P-M45 § | |
| Iran | Nasidze 2009 | 50 | 4.00 | P-M45 | |
| Azerbaijan | Nasidze 2009 | 40 | 5.00 | P-M45 | |
| Mazandarani | Nasidze 2009 | 50 | 4.00 | P-M45 | |
| Gilaki | Nasidze 2009 | 50 | 0.00 | P-M45 | |
| Tehran | Nasidze 2004 | 80 | 4.00 | P-M45 | |
| Isfahan | Nasidze 2004 | 50 | 6.00 | P-M45 | |
| Bakhtiari | Nasidze 2008 | 53 | 2.00 | P-M45 | |
| Iranian Arabs | Nasidze 2008 | 47 | 2.00 | P-M45 | |
| North Iran | Regueiro 2006 | 33 | 9.00 | P-M45 | |
| South Iran | Regueiro 2006 | 117 | 3.00 | P-M45 | |
| South Caucacus | Nasidze and Stoneking 2001 | 77 | 3.00 | P-M45 | |
| South Caucacus | Nasidze and Stoneking 2001 | 100 | 2.00 | P-M45 | |
| Hvar | 14 | ||||
| Korčula | 6 |
§ These may include members of haplogroup R2.
| Population group | N | P | Q | R | Paper | |||
| Count | % | Count | % | Count | % | |||
| Gope | 16 | 1 | 6.4 | Sahoo 2006 | ||||
| Oriya Brahmin | 24 | 1 | 4.2 | Sahoo 2006 | ||||
| Mahishya | 17 | 3 | 17.6 | Sahoo 2006 | ||||
| Bhumij | 15 | 2 | 13.3 | Sahoo 2006 | ||||
| Saora | 13 | 3 | 23.1 | Sahoo 2006 | ||||
| Nepali | 7 | 2 | 28.6 | Sahoo 2006 | ||||
| Muslims of Manipur | 9 | 3 | 33.3 | Sahoo 2006 | ||||
| :Category:Rajput clans of Himachal Pradesh|Himachal Pradesh Rajput | 15 | 1 | 6.7 | Sahoo 2006 | ||||
| Lambadi | 18 | 4 | 22.2 | Sahoo 2006 | ||||
| Gujarati Patel | 9 | 2 | 22.2 | Sahoo 2006 | ||||
| Katkari | 19 | 1 | 5.3 | Sahoo 2006 | ||||
| Madia Gond | 14 | 1 | 7.1 | Sahoo 2006 | ||||
| Kamma Chowdary | 15 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6.7 | 12 | 80 | Sahoo 2006 |