Haplogroup M-P256


Haplogroup M, also known as M-P256 and Haplogroup K2b1b is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. M-P256 is a descendant haplogroup of Haplogroup K2b1, and is believed to have first appeared between 32,000 and 47,000 years ago.
M-P256 is the most frequently occurring Y-chromosome haplogroup in West Papua and western Papua New Guinea. It is also found in neighbouring parts of Melanesia, Indonesia and among indigenous Australians.
It and Haplogroup S are the only primary subclades of K2b1, also known as haplogroup MS.

Phylogenetic structure

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based primarily on the trees published by ISOGG in 2016 and YCC in 2008.

M* (M-P256*)

The paragroup M-P256* is found at low incidences in New Guinea and Flores.

M1 (M-M4)

Found frequently in New Guinea and Melanesia, with a moderate distribution in neighboring parts of Indonesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia.
An extreme geographical outlier was apparently identified in a 2012 study, which reported a Hazara individual from Mazar-e Sharif, Afghanistan, with M1 among a sample of 60 males from Mazar-e Sharif.. The Hazara individual carried the SNP M186.
Old names M-M4
Jobling and Tyler-Smith 200024
Underhill 2000VIII
Hammer 20011U
Karafet 200137
Semino 2000Eu16
Su 1999H17
Capelli 2001E
YCC 2002 M*
YCC 2005 M
YCC 2008 M1
YCC 2010r M1

M1a (M-P34)

M1a is the most frequently occurring Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup in Western New Guinea. It is also found with moderate frequency in neighboring parts of Indonesia and throughout Papua New Guinea, including offshore islands.
Old names M-P34
Jobling and Tyler-Smith 200024
Underhill 2000VIII
Hammer 20011U
Karafet 200137
Semino 2000Eu16
Su 1999H17
Capelli 2001E
YCC 2002 M1
YCC 2005 M1
YCC 2008 M1a
YCC 2010r M1a

M1b (M-P87)

M1b M-P87 has been found in approximately 18% of a pool of samples from New Ireland, approximately 12% of a sample of Lavongai from New Hanover, approximately 5% of a pool of samples from New Britain, in one Saposa individual from northern Bougainville, and in another individual from the north coast of Papua New Guinea.
The subclade M1b1 is found frequently in populations of the Bismarck Archipelago and Bougainville Island, with a moderate distribution in New Guinea, Fiji, Tonga, East Futuna, and Samoa..
Old names M-P22
Jobling and Tyler-Smith 200024
Underhill 2000VIII
Hammer 20011U
Karafet 200138
Semino 2000Eu16
Su 1999H17
Capelli 2001E
YCC 2002 M2*
YCC 2005 M2a
YCC 2008 M1b1
YCC 2010r M1b1

M2 (M-M353)

Found at a low frequency in Fiji and East Futuna.
The subclade M2a is found in one Nasioi individual from the eastern coast of Bougainville and in one individual from Malaita Province of the Solomon Islands.
Historic names for M-SRY9138 from peer reviewed literature.
Old names K-SRY9138/M-SRY9138
AKA M-M177
Jobling and Tyler-Smith 200023
Underhill 2000VIII
Hammer 20011E
Karafet 200125
Semino 2000Eu16
Su 1999H5
Capelli 2001F
YCC 2002 K1
YCC 2005 K1
YCC 2008 M2a
YCC 2010r M2a

M3 (M-P117)

M3 is found frequently in populations of New Britain, and also observed occasionally in northern Bougainville, Fiji, and East Futuna.

Previous phylogenetic history

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium. They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
YCC 2002/2008 ''''''YCC 2002 YCC 2005 YCC 2008 YCC 2010r ISOGG 2006ISOGG 2007ISOGG 2008ISOGG 2009ISOGG 2010ISOGG 2011ISOGG 2012
M424VIII1U37Eu16H17EM*MM1M1-------
M-P3424VIII1U37Eu16H17EM1M1M1aM1a-------
M-P22/M-M10424VIII1U38Eu16H17EM2*M2aM1b1M1b1-------
M-M1624VIII1U39Eu16H17EM2aM2a1M1b1aM1b1a-------
M-M8324VIII1U38Eu16H17EM2bM2a2M1b1bM1b1b-------
K-SRY9138/M-SRY913823VIII1E25Eu16H5FK1K1M2aM2a-------

;Sources
The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.
Karafet's 2008 paper introduced a number of changes, compared to the previous . Before the discovery of the P256 marker, the current subgroup M-M4 previously represented the whole of Haplogroup M-P256; and subgroups M2 and M3 were formerly classed as subgroups K1 and K7 of the parent Haplogroup K.

Footnotes

Works cited