Indo-European vocabulary
The following is a table of many of the most fundamental Proto-Indo-European language words and roots,[Lithuanian language|] with their cognates in all of the major families of descendants.
Kinship
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
| ' | modern, c. 2000 AD; Late West Saxon OE, c. 1000 AD | c. 350 AD | c. 100 BC | Classical Attic, c. 400 BC | Vedic Sanskrit, c. 1700-1100 BC | Old Avestan, c. 1700-1200 BC ; Younger Avestan, c. 900-400 BC ; Old Persian, c. 525 BC | Old Church Slavonic, c. 1000 AD | modern Lithuanian, c. 2000 AD; Old Prussian, c. 1350-1600 AD | Old Irish, c. 800 AD; modern Welsh, c. 2000 AD | Classical Armenian, c. 405 AD | modern, c. 2000 AD | Tocharian A and B, c. 800 AD | c. 1400 BC |
| ' "mother" | mother | ON móðir "mother" | māter "mother" | mḗtēr "mother" | mā́tṛ, mātṛ́ "mother" | Av mātar- "mother" NPers mādar | OCS mati, mater- "mother" | Lith móteris "woman", motina; OPrus muti "mother" | OIr māthir "mother"; W modryb "auntie" | mayr "mother" | motër "sister" | A mācar, B mācer "mother" | |
| ' "father" | father | fadar "father" | pater "father" | patḗr "father" | pitṛ́ "father" | Av pitar-, OPers pita "father", NPers padar | OIr athir "father"; Welsh edrydd | hayr "father" | A pācar, B pācer "father" | ||||
| ' "brother" | brother | brōþar "brother" | frāter "brother" | pʰrā́tēr "member of a phratry " | bʰrā́tṛ "brother" | Av brātar-, OPers brātar-, Ossetian ärvád "brother, relative", NPers barādar Kurdish bira | OCS bratrŭ "brother" | Lith brõlis, OPrus brati "brother | OIr brāthir, W brawd "brother" | ełbayr "brother" | vёlla | A pracar, B procer "brother" | |
| ' "sister" | sister | swistar "sister" | soror "sister" | éor "sister" | svásṛ "sister" | Av x̌aŋhar- "sister" NPers ḫwāhar "sister" | OCS sestra "sister" | Lith sesuõ , OPrus sestra "sister" | OIr siur, W chwaer "sister" | kʿoyr , nom.pl kʿor-kʿ "sister" | vashë "girl" | A ṣar, B ṣer "sister" | |
| ' "daughter" | daughter | daúhtar "daughter" | Oscan futír "daughter" | tʰugátēr "daughter" | dúhitṛ "daughter" | Av dugədar-, duɣδar-, NPers doḫtar "daughter" Kurdish dot "daughter" | OCS dŭšti, dŭšter- "daughter" | Lith dukteris, OPrus dukti "daughter" | Gaulish duxtir "daughter" | dustr "daughter" | A ckācar, B tkācer "daughter" | túwatara "daughter" | |
| ' "son" | son | sunus "son" | huiós "son" | sūnú- "son" | Av hunuš "son" | OCS synŭ "son" | Lith sūnùs, OPrus suns "son" | ustr "son" | çun "boy/son" | A se, B soyä "son" | |||
| ' "nephew, grandson" | obsolete neve "nephew, male cousin, grandson" | OHG nevo "nephew" | nepōs "grandson, nephew" | népodes "descendants" | nápāt- "grandson, descendant" | Av napāt-, naptar-, OPers napāt- "grandson, descendant" | OLith nepotis, OPrus neputs "grandson" | OIr nïæ "sister's son", W nai "nephew" | nip "grandson, nephew" | ||||
| ' "husband's brother, brother-in-law" | OE tācor "husband's brother" | OHG zeihhor "husband's brother" | levir "husband's brother" | dāēr "husband's brother" | devṛ́, devará "husband's brother" | OCS děverĭ "brother-in-law" | Lith dieveris "husband's brother" | W daw "brother-in-law" | taygr "husband's brother" | dhëndër | |||
| ' "daughter-in-law" | OE snoru "daughter-in-law" | OHG snur "daughter-in-law" | nurus "daughter-in-law" | nuos "daughter-in-law" | snuṣā- "daughter-in-law" | Old Ir. *nušáh Bactrian ασνωυο NPers. sunoh / sunhār "daughter-in-law" | OCS snŭxa "daughter-in-law" | W gwaudd "daughter-in-law" | nuse "bride" | nu "daughter-in-law" | |||
| "mother-in-law" | OE sweger "mother-in-law" | swaihr "mother-in-law" | socrus"mother-in-law" | ekurā "mother-in-law" | śvaśrū́- "mother-in-law" | OCS svekry "mother-in-law" | Lith šešuras "father-in-law", OPrus swasri "mother-in-law" | W chwegr "mother-in-law" | skesur "mother-in-law" | vje´herr' "father-in-law" |
People
Pronouns, particles
Numbers
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
| ' "one, together" | same ; OE sam- "together"; | sama "same" | sem-el "once", sem-per "always", sim-plex "single, simple", sin-gulī "one each, single" | heĩs, hén, mía "one" < ' | sam- "together", samá "same, equal, any" | Av hama-, OPers hama- "any, all" | OCS samŭ "self, alone, one" | Lith sam-, są- "with"; OPrus sa-, sen- "with, dividing" | OIr samlith "at the same time"; W hafal "equal" | mi "one" | A sas, B ṣe "one" < ' | ||
| ' "one" | one | ains "one" | ūnus | oĩnos "one ", oĩos "alone" | Av aēva-, OPers aiva- "one, only, alone" | OCS inŭ "one, another" | Lith víenas, OPrus ains "one" | OIr ōen, W un "one" | andr-ēn "right there", ast-ēn "right here" | ? Gheg tânë, Tosk tërë "all" < PIE '; ??? një "one" < *ňân < PIE ' | B -aiwenta "group" < "*unit" | ||
| ', neut. ' "two" | two | twái "two" | duo "two" | dúō "two" | dvā́ "two" | Av dva, fem. neut. baē "two" NPers do "two" | OCS dŭva "two" | Lith dù, OPrus dwai "two" | OIr da, W dau "two" | erku "two" | dy "two" | A wu, B wi "two" | dā-, Lycian cbi-/tbi- "two" |
| ' "three" | three | þreis "three" | trēs "three" | treĩs "three" | tráyaḥ "three" | Av ϑrayō, ϑrayas, OPers çi-, Parth hrē "three" | OCS trĭje "three" | Lith trỹs, OPrus tris, Latg treis "three" | OIr trí, W tri "three" | erekʿ "three" | tre masc., tri fem. "three" | A tre, B trai "three" | tri- "three" |
| ' "four" | four | fidwor "four" | quattuor "four" | téssares "four" | masc. catvā́raḥ, neut. catvā́ri, fem. cátasraḥ "four" | Av masc. čaϑwārō, fem. čataŋrō "four"; NPers čahār "four" | OCS četyre "four" | Lith keturì, OPrus ketturei "four" | OIr cethir "four"; W pedwar "four" | čʿorkʿ, kʿaṙ ' "four | katër "four" | A śtwar, B śtwer "four" | |
| ' "five" | five | fimf "five" | quīnque "five" | pénte "five" | páñca "five" | Av panča "five" | OCS pętĭ "five" | Lith penkì, OPrus penkei "five" | OIr cóic, W pum "five" | hing "five" | pesë "five" | A päñ, B piś "five" | |
| ' "six" | six | sáihs "six" | sex "six" | héx, dial. wéx "six" | ṣáṣ "six" | Av xšvaš "six" | OCS šestĭ "six" | Lith šešì, OPrus uššai "six" | OIr sé, W chwe "six" | vecʿ "six" | gjashtë "six" | A ṣäk, B ṣkas "six" | |
| ' "seven" | seven | sibun "seven" | septem "seven" | heptá "seven" | saptá "seven" | Av hapta "seven" | OCS sedmĭ "seven" | Lith septynì, OPrus septinnei "seven" | OIr secht, W saith "seven" | eawtʿn "seven" | shtatë "seven" | A ṣpät, B ṣukt "seven" | sipta- "seven" |
| ' "eight" | eight | ahtáu "eight" | octō "eight" | oktṓ "eight" | aṣṭā́ "eight" | Av ašta "eight" | OCS osmĭ "eight" | Lith aštuonì, OPrus astonei, Latg ostoni "eight" | OIr ocht n- "eight"; W wyth "eight" | utʿ "eight" | tetë "eight" < ' | A okät, B okt "eight" | |
| ' "nine" | nine | niun "nine" | novem "nine" | ennéa "nine" | náva "nine" | Av nava "nine" | OCS devętĭ "nine" < *newn̥-ti- | Lith devynì, OPrus newinei "nine" | OIr noí n-, W naw "nine" | inn "nine" | nëntë "nine" < *newn̥-ti- | AB ñu | |
| ' "ten" | ten | taíhun "ten" | decem "ten" | déka "ten" | dáśa "ten" | Av dasa "ten" | OCS desętĭ "ten" | Lith dẽšimt, OPrus desimtan "ten" | OIr deich, W deg, deng "ten" | tasn "ten" | dhjetë "ten" < ' | A śäk, B śak "ten" | |
| ' "twenty" < ' "two tens" | vīgintī "twenty" | eíkosi "twenty" | viṁśatí "twenty", dviṁśatí "twenty" | Av vīsaiti, Ossetian insäi "twenty" | Lith dvidešimt "twenty" | OIr fiche , OW uceint "twenty" | kʿsan "twenty" | zet "twenty" | A wiki, B ikäṃ "twenty" | ||||
| ' "hundred" < | hundred | hunda "hundred" | centum "hundred" | he-katón "hundred" | śatám "hundred" | Av satǝm "hundred" | OCS sŭto "hundred" | Lith šim̃tas, OPrus simtan "hundred" | OIr cét, W can "hundred" | A känt, B kante "hundred" |
Body parts
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
| ' "tear" | tear | tagr "tear" | lacrima "tear" | dákru "tear" | áśru "tear" | Av asrū- "tear" | OPrus assara "tear", Lith ašara "tear | OIr dēr, W deigr "tear"; Cornish dagr "tear" | artawsr "tear" < ' | A ākär "tear", B pl. akrūna "tears" | isḫaḫru "tear" | ||
| ' "tongue" | tongue | tuggō "tongue" | lingua "tongue" | jihvā́ "tongue" < *ĝiĝʰwā, juhū́ | Av hizvā < *ĝiĝʰwā, OPers hizān, Parth ezβān "tongue" | OCS języ-kŭ "tongue" < *n̥ĝʰū-k- | OPrus inzuws "tongue", Lith liežuvis "tongue" | teng "tongue"; W tafod "tongue, language" | lezu "tongue" | Alb Gjuhë "tongue" | A käntu, B kantwo "tongue" | ||
| ' "blood" | archaic aser, sanguis "blood" | éar "blood" | ásṛj, ásr̥k, asnáḥ "blood" | Lat asins, Ltg asnis "blood" | ariwn "blood" | A ysār "blood" | ēsḫar "blood" | ||||||
| ' "jaw, cheek, chin" | chin | kinnus "cheek" | gena "cheek" | génus "chin, jaw"; gnátʰos, gnatʰmós "jaw" < ' | hánu-ṣ "jaw" < ', gaṇḍa "cheek" | Av zānu- "jaw-" < ', OPers danūg < *danu-ka-, Parth zanax "chin, jaw" NPers gune "cheek" chune "jaw" | OPrus żauna "jaw", Lith žándas "cheek" | OIr gin "mouth"; W gên, pl. geneu "cheek, chin"; Old Cornish pl. genau < *genewes "cheeks, chins" | cn-awt "jaw, cheek" | Alb Gushë neck | A śanwe-m "jaw" | ||
| ' "knee" | knee | kniu "knee" | genū "knee" | gónu "knee", pró-kʰnu "with outstretched knee" < *pró-gʰnu | jā́nu "knee", pra-jñuḥ "bow-legged" | Av acc. žnūm, dat./abl. pl. žnubyō "knee", fra-šnu- "holding the knee forward"; Parth zānūk, NPers zānū "knee" | cunr, nom pl. cungkʿ "knee" | gjuni "knee" < Post-PIE ' | A kanweṃ, B keni "two knees" | genu "knee" | |||
| ' "tooth" | tooth | tunþus "tooth" < ' | dēns "tooth" < ' | odṓn "tooth" < Proto-Greek *edónt-, cf. Aeol. édontes "teeth" | dán, dántaḥ "tooth" | Av dantan-, dātā "tooth" NPers dandân "tooth" | Russ. desná "gum" < ' | OPrus dants "tooth", Lith dantis "tooth" | OIr dēt "tooth", W dant "tooth" | atamn "tooth" | dhëmb "tooth" | ||
| ' "bone" | os "bone" | ostéon "bone" | ásthi "bone" | Av ast-, asti- "bone" NPers ostoxan "bone" | OCS kostĭ "bone" | OIr asil "limb", MIr asna "rib" *astonyo-; MW ass-en, asseu "rib", W asgwrn "bone" < *ost-ko- | os-kr "bone" | asht, ahstë "bone" | B āy, pl. āsta "bone" | ḫastāi- "bone" | |||
| ' "ear" | ear | áusō "ear" | auris "ear" | oũs "ear" | ūṣa "cavity of the ear" | Av uši "both ears"; NPers hoš "ear" | OCS ucho "ear" | OPrus auss "ear", Lith ausis "ear" | OIr āu, ō "ear" | unkn, nom pl. akanǰkʿ "ear" | vesh "ear" < *ōus, *ōs- | ||
| ' "eye" | eye | áugō "eye" | oculus "eye" < *ōkʷelo-s | ósse "both eyes"; ómma "eye" < *óp-mn̥; ökkon "eye" | ákṣi "eye" | Av aši "both eyes" | OCS oko "eye" | OPrus aks "eye", Lith akis "eye" | OIr enech, W enep "face" | akn, nom pl. ačʿkʿ "eye" | sy "eye" | A ak, B ek "eye" | |
| ' "heart"; ' "to believe" | heart | haírtō "heart" | cor "heart"; crēdō "I believe" < *krezdō- < ' | kardíā, Homeric kradíē, Cypriot korízdā "heart" < '; poetic kẽr "heart" < ' | hṛd "heart" < post-PIE '; hṛdaya, hārdi "heart"; śrad-dadʰāti " trusts, believes" | Av zǝrǝd "heart" < post-PIE '; zrazdā- "to believe" < *srazdā | OCS sŭrdĭce "heart", serda "medium, core" | OPrus siran "heart", serds "core", Lith širdis "heart", šerdis "core" | OIr cride "heart"; W craidd "center"; Old Irish cretim, W credaf "I believe" | sirt "heart" | A kri "will", B pl. käryāñ "hearts" | karz "heart" | |
| ' "nose" | nose | ON nǫs "nose" | nāsus, nāris "nose" | nas- "nose" | Av nāh-, nā̊ŋhan-, OPers acc. sg. nāham "nose" | OCS nosŭ "nose" | OPrus nasi "nose", Lith nosis "nose" | Alb Hundë/Hun nose | |||||
| ' "foot" | foot | fōtus "foot" | pēs "foot" | poús "foot" | pāt "foot" | Av pad-, OPers pād, Parth pāδ "foot" NPers pa "foot" | OCS pěšǐ "on foot" | OPrus pida "foot", Lith pėda "foot" | OIr īs "below" < PIE loc. pl. *pēd-su; W is "below, under; lower " | otn "foot", otkʿ "feet" | poshtë "below" | A pe "foot", B paiyye "foot" | pata-, Luvian pata- "foot" |
| ' "liver" | jecur "liver" | hẽpar "liver" | yákr̥t "liver" | Av yākarǝ, NPers ǰigar, Pashto yī̆na "liver" | Serbian jetra "liver", Serbian and Macedonian ikra "fish roe" | OPrus jakna, Lat aknas "liver", Lith jeknos | W afu "liver"; MIr ichair "fish roe" | leard "liver" | |||||
*ǵʰésr̥ ~ *ǵʰs-r-és "hand" | hir "hand" | kheír "hand" | hás-ta "hand" | Av zas-ta "hand" | jeṙ "hand, arm" | dorë "hand" | A tsar, B ṣar "hand" | keššar "hand", Luwian īssaris''' "hand" |
Animals
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
| ' "horse", "fast animal" | OE eoh "horse" | aíƕa- "horse" | equus "horse" | híppos "horse" | áśvaḥ "horse" | Av aspa-, OPers asa- "horse"; Ossetian yäfs "horse" < ' NPers asp "horse" | OCS jastrębъ "hawk" | OPrus kaiwi "mare", Lith ašva "mare | OIr ech; MW ebawl "horse" < PBryth ' | ēš "donkey" | A yuk, B yakwe "horse" | Luwian ásùwa "horse" | |
| ' "cattle" | cow | Old Saxon kō, OHG chuo "cow" | bōs "cattle"; Umbrian acc. bum "cow" | boũs, Dor bõs "cattle, cow" | gáuḥ "cow" | Av gāuš "cow" NPers gāv "cow" | Croatian gòvedo "cattle" < PSlav *govędo; OCS gu-mǐno "threshing floor" | Latvian gùovs "cow", Lith karvė "cow", galvijas "a cattle" | OIr bó "cow"; OW buch "cow" < *boukkā, bu-gail "cowherd" < ' | kov "cow" | ka "ox" | A ko "cow", B keu "cow" | HierLuv wawa-, Lycian wawa-, uwa- "cow" |
| ' "sheep " | ewe | awistr "sheepfold"; OHG ouwi, ou "sheep" | ovis "sheep" | óis "sheep" | ávi- "sheep" | Wakhi yobc "ewe" < PIran *āvi-či- | Bulg ovèn "ram", OCS ovĭ-ca "ewe" | OPrus awwins "ram", Lith avis "female sheep" avinas "ram" | OIr ōi "sheep"; W ewig "deer" | hov-iw "shepherd" | B eye "sheep", āw "ewe" | Luvian hāwa/i-, Lycian χawa- "sheep" | |
| ' "bear" | ursus "bear" | árktos "bear" | ŕ̥kṣaḥ "bear" | YAv arša, Ossetian ars "bear", NPers xers "bear" | Lith urgzti "to growl" | MIr art, W arth "bear" | arǰ "bear" | arí "bear" | ḫartaqqas | ||||
| ' "hound, dog" | hound | hunds "dog" | canis "dog" | kúōn "dog" | śvan "dog" | Av spā, MPers sak, Kurdish se, seg, Wakhi šač "dog" | Bulg kùt͡ʃe "dog", OCS suka "bitch " | OPrus sunnis "dog", Lith šuo "dog" | OIr cú , W ci "dog" | šun "dog" | possibly qen | AB ku "dog" | kun- "dog" |
| ' "mouse" | mouse | ON mús "mouse" | mūs "mouse" | mũs "mouse" | mū́ṣ- "mouse" | OPers muš "mouse" Kurdish mişk "mouse" | OCS myšĭ "mouse" | mukn "mouse" | mi "mouse" | ||||
| ' "pig" | sow | ON sýr "sow" | sūs "pig" | hũs, sũs "pig" | sū-kara "pig"; Hindi sūvar "pig" | Av hū "pig", NPers xuk "pig" | Bulg svinjà "swine, sow" | Latvian suvẽns, sivẽns "piglet" | OIr socc sáil "sea pig"; W hwch "sow, swine" | thi "pig" | B suwo "pig" | ||
| ' "wolf" | wolf | wulfs "wolf" | lupus "wolf" | lúkos "wolf" | vŕ̥kaḥ "wolf" | Av vǝhrka- "wolf", NPers gorg "wolf" | Bulg vɤ̞lk "wolf", OCS vlĭkŭ "wolf" | OPrus wilks "wolf", Lith vilkas "wolf" | OIr olc "evil" | ujk < OAlb ulk "wolf" | B walkwe "wolf" | ulippana "wolf" | |
| ' "goose" | goose | OHG gans "goose" | ānser "goose" | kʰḗn "goose" | haṁsáḥ "goose" | Av zāō "goose" ; Sogdian z’γ "kind of bird", NPers ɣaz "goose" | Bulg gɤ̞ska "goose", OCS gǫsǐ "goose" | OPrus zansi "goose", Lith žąsis "goose" | OIr gēiss "swan" W gwydd "goose" | gatë "heron" | |||
| ' "duck" | Scot ennet "duck" | OHG enita "duck" | ānas "duck" | nessa, netta "duck" | ātí- "waterfowl" | Ossetic acc "Wild duck", NPers ordak "duck", NPers ɣu "Swan" | Russ. utka "duck" | OPrus ants "duck", Lith antis "duck" | W hwyad "duck" | rosë''' "duck" |
Agriculture
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
| ' "grain" | corn | kaúrn "corn" | grānum "grain" | dhānya "grain, cereal" | OCS zrŭno "grain" | OPrus zirni "grain", Lith žirnis "pea", girna "millstone" | OIr grān, W grawn "grain" | cʿorean "wheat, grain, corn" | grurëTosk grun, gruni Gheg "grain" | ||||
| ' "field" | acre | akrs "field" | ager "field" | agrós "field" | ájraḥ "meadow" | art "soil" | arë "field" | ||||||
| ' "to plow" | OE erian "to plow" | arjan "to plow" | arō "to plow", arātrum "plow" | aróō "I plow" < ', árotron "plow" | hala "plow" | OCS orjǫ "to plow", ralo < *ardhlom "plow" | OPrus artun "to plow", Lith arti "to plow" | MIr airim "I plow", W arddu "to plow" < *arj-; MIr arathar, W aradr "plow" < *arətrom < ' | ara-wr "plow" | arë "arable land" ' | AB āre "plow" | ||
| ' "to milk" | milk | miluks "milk" | mulgeō "to milk" | amélgō "I milk" | mā́ršti, mā́rjati, mr̥játi " wipes, cleans" | Av marǝzaiti, mǝrǝzaiti " grazes " | Russ. CS mŭlzu "to milk", Pol mleko "milk" | OPrus milztun "to milk", Lith melžti "to milk" | W blith "milk, dairy produce; full of milk", MIr bligim "I milk" < *mligim, melg "milk" | miel, mil "I milk" | A malke B malk-wer "milk" | ||
| ' "to grind" | meal | malan "to grind" | molō "to grind" | múllō "I grind" | mr̥ṇāti, mr̥nati " grinds" | Av mrāta- "tanned soft" | OCS meljǫ "to grind" | OPrus maltun "to grind", Lith malti "to grind" | OIr melim "I grind"; W malu "grind" | mał "sieve" mał-em "I grind, crush" | mjell "flour" | A malywët "you press"; B melye "they trample" | mallai "grinds" |
| ' "honey" | mildew | miliþ "honey" | mel "honey" | méli "honey" | milinda "honey-bee" | Bulg med "honey" | OIr mil, W mêl "honey" | mełr "honey" | mjal, mjaltë "honey" | milit "honey" | |||
| ' "honey", "mead"" | mead | midus "mead" | mēdus "a type of mead" | métʰu "wine" | mádʰu "sweet drink, honey" | Proto-Iranian mádu "honey, wine" | OCS medŭ "honey" | OPrus meddu "honey", Lith medus "honey", Ltg mads "honey" | OIr mid "mead"; W medd "mead" | B mit "honey" | |||
| ' "salt" | salt | salt "salt" | sāl "salt" | háls "salt" | sal-ilá- "salty" | OCS solǐ "salt" | OPrus sals "salt", saldus "sweet | OIr salann, W halen "salt" | ał "salt" | ngjel-bëtë, ngjel-mëtë "salty", njel-m "to be salty" | A sāle, B salyiye "salt" | ||
| ' "to sow ", ' "seed" | sow | saian "to sow"; OHG sāmo "seed" | serō "to sow" < ', sēmen "seed" | sī́ra- "Saatpflug" | OCS sějǫ "to sow", sěmę "seeds" | OPrus situn "to sow", simen "seed", Lith sėti "to sow", sekla "seed", semenis "linseed" | OIr sīl, W hil "seed" < *seH₁-lo- | sermn "seed" | isḫūwāi " sows" | ||||
| "yoke" | yoke | juk "yoke" | iugum "yoke" | zugón "yoke" | yugám "yoke" | Av yaoj-, yuj- "to harness" | OCS igo "yoke" | OPrus jugtun "yoke", Lith jungas "yoke" | W iau "yoke" | luc "yoke" | A yokäm "door" | yugan "yoke" |
Bodily functions and states
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
| ' "to breathe" | OE ōþian "breathe hard" < PGerm *anþōjanã | *uz-anan "to expire", ON anda "to breathe" | anima "breath" | ánemos "wind" | ániti " breathes" | Av ā̊ntya, parā̊ntya "breathing in and out" | OCS vonja "smell" < *H₂en-yeH₂ | OIr anāl "breath" < *H₂enH̥₁-tlo- ; W anadl "breath" | hołm "wind", anjn "person" | Gheg âj Tosk ēnj "I swell" | AB āñm- "spirit", B añiye "breath", B anāsk- "breathe in" | ||
| ' "to sleep", ' "dream " | archaic sweven "dream, vision" ; NoEng sweb "to swoon" | ON sofa "sleep " | somnus "sleep " | húpnos "sleep " | svápnaḥ "sleep, dream " | Av xᵛafna- "sleep " NPers xwãb- "sleep" | OCS spěti "sleep ", sŭnŭ "sleep, dream " | OPrus supnas "dream", Lith sapnas "dream" | OIr sūan, W hun "sleep " | kʿnem "I sleep", kʿun "sleep " | gjumë "sleep " | A ṣpäṃ, B. ṣpane "sleep, dream " | sup-, suppariya- "to sleep" |
| ' "sweat" | sweat | ON sveiti | sūdor "sweat " | ĩdos "sweat " | svḗda- "sweat " | Av xᵛaēda- "sweat " | Latvian sviêdri "sweat " | W chwys "sweat " < *swidso- | kʿirtn "sweat " | dirsë, djersë "sweat " < *swí-drōxty- | B syā-lñe "sweating" < *swid-yé- | ||
| ' "to eat" | eat | itan "to eat" | edō "to eat", ēst " eats" | édō "I eat", Homeric athematic infinitive édmenai "to eat" | ádmi "I eat", átti " eats" | Av subj. aδāiti " should eat" | OCS jamĭ "I eat" < *H₁ēd-mi, jastŭ " eats" | OPrus istun "to eat", ėsti, Lith "to eat", ėdmi "I eat" | OIr ci-ni estar "although he doesn't eat"; W ys "eats" < *H₁ed-ti | utem "I eat" < *ōd- | ha "to eat" | ēdmi "I eat" | |
| ' "to drink" | potable imbibe | bibō "to drink", pōtus "drink " | pī́nō, pépomai "I drink" | pā́ti, píbati " drinks" | Av vispo-pitay- "alltränkend" giving water/drinks to all | OCS pijǫ "to drink" | OPrus putun "to drink", puja "a party", Lith puota "party" | OIr ibid "drinks" < *pibeti; W yfwn "we drink" | əmpem "I drink" | pī "I drink" | pāsi "he swallows" | ||
| ' "to give birth" | kind ; OE cennan "produce" | -kunds "born"; OHG kind "child" | gignō "to produce" ; nā-scor "to be born" < ' | gígnomai "I become" | jánati " gives birth", jajanti "they give birth" | Av zīzǝnti, zīzanǝnti "they give birth" | OCS žena "woman" | OPrus gamintun "to give birth", gimdyti "to give birth" | OIr -gainethar "who is born" < '; W geni "to be born" | cnanim "I am born, bear" | dhëndër, dhândër "son-in-law, bridegroom" < ' | AB kän- "to come to pass, be realized" | |
| ' "to grow, increase" | eke ; wax | aukan, auknan "to increase ", wahsjan "to grow" < orig. caus. ' | augeō "to increase " | aéksō "I increase ", aúksō, auksánō "I increase " | úkṣati " becomes stronger", vakṣáyati " causes to grow" | Av uxšyeiti " grows", vaxšaiti " causes to grow" | OCS jugъ "south" | OPrus augtwei "to grow", Lith augti " to grow" | OIr fēr, W gwêr "fat" < *weg- | ačem "I grow, become big" | A oksiṣ " grows"; A okṣu, В aukṣu "grown" | ||
| ' "alive", ' "life" | quick | qius "alive" | vīvus "alive"; vīta "life" | bíos, bíotos "life", zoo "animal" | jīvá-, jīvaka- "alive", jīvitam, jīvā́tuḥ, jīvathaḥ "life" | Av gayō, acc. ǰyātum "life", -ǰyāiti- "life-"; Av ǰva-, OPers ǰīva- "alive" | OCS živŭ "alive", žitĭ, životŭ "life" | OPrus giws "alive", giwata "life", Lith gyvas "alive", gyvatė "snake" | OIr biu, beo, W byw "alive"; OIr bethu , W bywyd "life" < Proto-Celtic *bivo-tūts | keam "I live" < ' | B śai- "to live" < ' | ||
| "to die" | murder | maúrþr "murder" | morior "to die" < *mr̥-yōr, mortalis "mortal" | brotós, mortós "mortal" | marati, máratē, mriyátē " dies", mṛtá- "dead", mártaḥ, mortal | Av merə- "to die", miryeite "dies"; OPers martiya- "man" | OCS mĭrǫ, mrěti "to die" | Lith miŕštu "to die", merdėti "to die slowly" | OIr marb, W marw "dead" < mr̥-wós | meṙanim "I die", mard "human" | mert "died" |
Mental functions and states
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
| ' "to hear" | listen, loud | hliuma "hearing, ears " | clueō "to be named" | ékluon "I heard" | śr̥ṇóti " hears" < ' | Av surunaoiti " hears" < ' | OCS slyšati "to hear" | OPrus klausytun "to hear", Lith klausyti "to listen" | OIr ro-clui-nethar "hears"; W clywed "to hear" | lsem "I hear" | Old Tosk kluaj "to call, to name" < *k̂lu-eH₁- | A klyoṣ-, B klyauṣ- "to hear" | |
| ' "to see, find; to know" | wit | witan "to know" | videō "to see" | éide "he saw" perf. oĩda "I know " | vindáti " finds", ávidat "found" vetti, vēdate, vidáti " knows", perf. véda "I know" | Av vī̆δaiti, vī̆nasti " finds" | OCS viždǫ "to see" | OPrus widatun "to see", Lith veidas "face" | W gweld "to see" | gtanem "I find" | |||
| ' "to know" | Av perf. vaēδa "I know", vīdarǝ "they know" | OCS věmĭ "to know" | OPrus waistun "to know", Lith vaistas "medicine", vyda "he sees, knows" | OIr find, W gwn " know" | gitem "I know" | B ūwe "learned" < PToch *wäwen- < ' | |||||||
| ' "to recognize, know" | can, know, Scot ken "to know" | kunnan "to know" < ', kann "I know" | nōscō "to recognize", nōvī "I know" | gignṓskō "I recognize" | jānā́mi "I know" < *janā́mi < ' | Av zanā-ṯ, zanąn < '; OPers a-dānā "he knew" < ', xšnāsātiy "he should know" < ' | OCS znajǫ "to know" < ' | OPrus zinatun "to recognize, know", Lith žinoti "to know | OIr itar-gninim, asa-gninaim "I am wise"; W adnabod " know" | čanačʿem, aorist caneay "I recognize" | njoh "I know" < ' | A knā-, e.g. knānmaṃ "knowing" < ', kñas-äṣt "you have become acquainted" < ' | |
| ' "not" + "to know" | uncouth | unkunþs "unknown" | ignōtus, ignōrāntem "unknown, ignorant" | agnṓs "unknown" < ' | ajñāta- "unknown" | OPrus nezinatun "not to know", Lith nežinoti " not to know" | OIr ingnad "foreign" | an-can-awtʿ "ignorant, unknown" | A ā-knats, B a-knātsa "ignorant" | ||||
| ' "to think" | mind ; OE munan "to think" | munan "to think"; muns "thought" < *mn̥-is; gamunds "remembrance" < *ko-mn̥t-ís | meminī "I remember"; mēns "mind" < *mn̥t-is | mémona "I think of"; maínomai "I go mad" | mányate " thinks" | Av mainyeite " thinks"; OPers mainyāhay "I think" | OCS mĭněti "to mean" | OPrus mintun "to guess", minisna "memory", mints "riddle", mentitun "to lie", Lith mintis " thought", minti "to guess", minėti "to mention" | OIr do-moiniur "I believe, I mean" | mendoj "I think" | A mnu "thought"; B mañu "demand " | memmāi "says" | |
| ' "to see, to say" | see ; say | saíƕan "to see"; OHG sagen "say" < *sokʷē- | īnseque "declare!" | énnepe "tell!" | śacate " says" | OCS sočiti "to announce" | Lith sakyti "to say", sekti "to tell a story, to follow" | OIr insce "I talk"; OIr rosc "eye" < *pro-skʷo-; OW hepp " said" | sheh " sees" | A ṣotre, B ṣotri "sign" | sakuwāi- "to see" | ||
| ' "to say" | OE wōma "noise" < ' | OHG giwahanen "mention" < PGerm *gawahnjan | vocō "to call", vōx "voice" | eĩpon "spoke" < *e-we-ikʷ-om < *e-we-ukʷ-om, épos "word" | vákti, vívakti " says", vāk "voice", vácas- "word" | Av vač- "speak, say", vāxš "voice", vačah "word" | OCS vikǫti "to call, to scream" | OPrus enwackēmai "we call" | OIr foccul "word", W gwaethl "fight" < ' | gočem "I call" | A wak, B wek "voice" | ḫuek-, ḫuk- to swear to" | |
| ' "to ask" | Scot frain "to ask" | fraíhnan "to ask"; OHG forscōn "to ask, to research" | precor "to pray", poscō "to demand, ask" | pr̥ccháti " asks" | Av pǝrǝsaiti " asks, desires" < '; OPers aor.? aparsam " asked" | OCS prositi "to pray" | OPrus prasitun "to ask", Lith prašyti "to ask" | OIr imm-chom-arc "mutual questions, greetings"; NIr arco, W archaf "I ask" | harcʿanem "I ask" | A prak-, B prek- "to ask" | |||
| ' "name" | name | namō "name" | nōmen "name" | ónoma "name" | nā́ma "name" | Av nāma "name" | OCS imę "name" < Proto-Slavic *inmen < ' | OPrus emnes, emmens "name" < *enmen- | OIr ainmm n-, OW anu "name" | anun "name" | Gheg emën, Tosk emër "name" < *enmen- | A ñem, B ñom "name" | lāman-''' "name" |
Natural features
Directions
Basic adjectives
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
| ' "mid, middle" | mid, middle | midjis "middle" | medius "middle" | mésos "middle" | mádʰya- "middle" | Av maiδya- "middle" | OCS meždu "between", Russ. meža "boundary" | OPrus meddin "forest", Lith medis "tree" | OIr mid- "middle" < *medʰu-; MW mei- "middle" < *medʰyo- | mēǰ "middle" | mes, mjet "in between, middle" | ||
| ' "big" | much | mikils "big" | magnus "big" | mégas "big" | máhaḥ, mahā́nt- "big" | Av mazant- "big" | OPrus mazs "smaller", Lith mažas "small" | OIr mochtae, MIr mag-, maige "big" | mec "big" | madh "big" | A mak, B makā "much" | mekkis "big" | |
| ' "heavy" | kaúrus "heavy" | grāvis "heavy" | barús "heavy" | gurúḥ "heavy" | Av gouru- "heavy-", NPers girān "heavy" < *grāna- | OCS gromada "big size, huge", gruz "a load, something heavy", | OPrus garrin "tree", Lith geras "good" | MIr bair "heavy ", W bryw "strong" | zor "brute force; great effort" | A kra-marts "heavy ", B krā-mär "burden" < ' | |||
| ' "light " | light | leihts "light" < '; OHG lungar "fast" < ' | levis "light" < ' | elakʷʰús "small" < ', elapʰrós "light, quick" < ' | lagʰú-, ragʰú- "quick, light, small" | Av ragu-, fem. rǝvī "fast", superl. rǝnjišta- "fastest" | OCS lŭgŭkŭ "light" | OPrus langus "light", langsta "window", lankewingis "flexible", linktwei "to bend", Lith lengvas "light", lankstus "flexible", langas "window", lenkti "to bend" | OIr laigiu, laugu, MW llei "smaller" | lehtë "light-weight" | B lankutse "light" | ||
| ', ', ' "red" | red | rauþs "red" < ' | ruber "red" < ' | erutʰrós "red" < ' | rudʰirá- "red" < ' mixed with '; rṓhita- "red"; lōhá- "reddish" < ' | Av raoiδita- "red" | OCS rudŭ "red" | Lith raũdonas "red", rudas "brown" | OIr rúad, W rhudd "red", rhwd "rust" | A rtär, B ratre "red" < ' | |||
| ' "other"; ' "second" | else ; other | aljis, anþar "other" | alius "other" | állos "other" | anyá-, ántara- "other" | Av anya-, ainya-, OPers aniya- "other"; Ossetian ändär "other"; East Iranian hal-ci "whoever" | Old Sorbian wutory "other" < PSlav *ǫtorŭ | OPrus antars "second", Lith antras "second" | OIr aile, W ail "other" | ayl "other" | A ālya-kə, B alye-kə "another" | Lydian aλa- "other" | |
| ' "new" | new | niujis "new" | novus "new" | néos "new" | náva- "new" | Av nava- "new" | OCS novŭ "new" | OPrus nawas "new", Lith naujas "new" | OIr nūë, W newydd "new" | nor "new" < *nowero- | A ñu, B ñune "new" | newa- "new" | |
| ' "young" | young | juggs "young" | juvenis "young" | yúvan- "young" | Av yvan-, yavan- "youth, young man" | OCS junŭ "young" | Lith Jaunas "young" | OIr ōac "young", W ieuanc "young" < ' | |||||
| ' "old" | sineigs "old " | senex "old" | hénos "former, from a former period" | sánaḥ "old" | Av hana- "old" | OCS sedyi "grey-headed" | OPrus sentwei "to get old", Lith senas "old" | OIr sen "old", Old Welsh hen "old" | hin "old" | ||||
| "naked" | naked | naqaþs "naked" | nudus "naked" | gumnós "naked" | nagnáḥ "naked" | NPers loxt "naked" | OCS nagŭ "naked" | OPrus nags "naked", Lith nuogas "naked" | OIr nocht "naked"; W noeth "naked, bare" | nekumant- "naked, bare" |
Construction, fabrication
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
| ' "door, doorway, gate" | door | daúr, daúrō "door" | forēs "door" | tʰurā "door" | dvā́r, dvā́raḥ "door" | Av dvarǝm "gate, court"; OPers duvarayā "at the gate" NPers dar "door" | OCS dvĭri "door" | OPrus dwarris "gate, goal",dwars "estate", Lith durys "door", dvaras "estate", vartai "gate", Latg durovys "door", vuorti "gate" | OIr dorus "door" < Proto-Celtic *dworestu-, W dôr "door" < ' | duṙn "door" | derë "door" | B twere "doors" | an-durza "within" |
| ' "house", "home" | timber | timrjan "to build, erect" | domus "house" | dómos "house" | dámaḥ "house" | Av dąm, dąmi "in the house"; dǝmā̆na-, nmāna- "house" < *dm-ā̆na- | OCS domŭ "house" | OPrus dimstis "porch", Lith dimstis "entryway" | MIr dom-liacc "house of stones" | tun "house" | dhomë "room" | ?A tem-, B tam- "be born" | |
| ' "wheel" | wheel | ON hjōl, hvēl "wheel" < PGerm *hwehulaz < *kʷékʷlos | kúklos "circle", "wheels" | cakrá- "wheel" | Av čaxra- "wheel" | OCS kolo "wheel" | OPrus kellin "wheel", Lith kaklas "neck" | W cylch "circle" | A kukäl, B kokale "wagon" | kugullas "donut" | |||
| ' "to sew" | sew | siujan "to sew" | suō "to sew" | humḗn "sinew" | sī́vyati " sews", syūtá- "sewn" | OCS šijǫ "to sew" | OPrus šutun "to sew", Lith siūti "to sew", Latg šyut "to sew" | sumanza, šuel, šuil "thread" | |||||
| ' "to fashion, construct" | OE þeox "spear" | OHG dehsa, dehsala "hatchet" | texō "to weave" | téktōn "carpenter", tíktō "I give birth" | takṣati, tā́ṣṭi " fashions" | Av tašaiti " cuts out, manufactures"; OPers us-tašanā "stairway" < "*construction"; MPers tāšīδan "to do carpentry" | OCS tešǫ "to hew", | OPrus tesatun "to hew", Lith tašyti "to hew" | OIr tāl "axe" < *tōkslo- | takkeszi "puts together" | |||
| ' "to weave" | weave, web | OHG weban "to weave" | hupʰaínō "I weave" | ubʰnā́ti "ties together" | Av ubdaēna- "made of cloth"; NPers bāfad " weaves" | viti "weave" | Lith vyti "to twist" | W gwau "knit, weave" | venj "I weave" < *webʰnyō | B wāp- "to weave" | |||
| ' "to work" | work | waúrkjan "to work" | urgeō "to push, drive" | érgon "work", érdō, hrézdō "I work" < ' | varcaḥ "activity" | Av varəza- "work, activity", vərəzyeiti " works"; NPers varz, barz "field work, husbandry" | vrǔšiti "to act, to do" | OPrus wargs "bad, evil, malicious, vicious", wargtwei "to torment oneself, to suffer", Lith vargas "the state of going through bad/unlucky events" | MW gwreith "deed" < *wreĝ-tu- | gorc "work " | rregj "to clean" | A wärk-, B wārk- "to shear" | |
| ' "to clothe, wear clothes" | wear | wasjan "to clothe" | vestis "clothing" | héstai "gets dressed" | váste " gets dressed" | Av vaste, vaŋhaiti " gets dressed" | veshch "thing, cloth", veshchi "cloth items" Serbian veš "underwear" | OPrus westi "corset", wesseli "wedding", Lith vestuvės "wedding", vesti "to lead" | W gwisg "clothing" | z-genum "I put on " < *wes-nu- | vesh "dress" veshje "clothing" | B wastsi, wästsi "clothing" | wassezzi " clothes" |
Self-motion, rest
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
| ' "to be", ' "is" Cf. Indo-European copula | is | ist "is" | sum "I am "; est "it is" | estí "is,"; Dorian Greek entí " are" <- ' | ásti "is," | Av asti "is"; Persian hast "is" | OCS jestŭ "is" | OPrus ast "is", ēst "almost", Lith esti "is" | OIr is "is"; Old Welsh hint " are" <- ' | em "I am" | është "is" | B ste "is" | ēszi "is" |
| ' "to become" Cf. Indo-European copula | be ; OE būan "to dwell" | bauan "to dwell" | fuī "I was" | pʰúomai "I become", épʰū "became" | bʰávati "become, is", ábʰūt "became, was" | Av bavaiti, OPers bavatiy " becomes" | OCS byti "to become, be" | OPrus butwei "to be", Lith būti "to be" | OIr buith "being", W bod "to be" | busanim "sprout up" | buj, bûj "I dwell, stay overnight" < *bunjō | ||
| ' "to sit" | sit | sitan "to sit" | sedeō "to sit", sīdō "I sit down" < ' | hézdomai "I sit" < ', hizdō "I set" < ' | sátsi " sits", aor. ásadat "sat"; sī́dati " sits" < ' | Av ni-šaŋhasti " sits down", opt. hazdyā-t " should sit", hiδaiti " sits" < '; OPers caus. niya-šād-ayam "I set" | OCS sěždǫ "to sit" | OPrus sistwei "to sit down", Lith sedėti "to be sitting", sėstis "to sit down" | OIr sadid "sits"; Br hezañ "to stop" | nstim "I sit", hecanim "I sit on, I ride" | shëtis "to walk" | ||
| ' "to lie down" | lie | ligan "to lie down" | lectus "bed" | lékʰomai "I lie down" | leṭyati " lies down" | NPers ley "lie down" | OCS ležǫ "to lie down" | OPrus laztwei "to lie down" | OIr laigid "lies down" | lagje "city quarter" | A läk- "to lie", B lyśalyñe " lying down" | lagari " lies down" | |
| ' "to lie ; bed, cozy, dear, familiar" | home | háims "village, town" < ' | cīvis "city dweller, citizen" < ' | keĩtai "lies" | śētē " lies", śērē "they lie" | Av saēte " lies", sōire "they lie" | OCS sěmija "family" | OPrus seimi "family", kaims "village", Lith šeima "family", kaimas "village" | OIr cóim, cóem, OW cum "dear" | sirem "I love" < *k̂eiro- | kitta, kittari "lies"; Luwian ziyari "lies" | ||
| ' "to stand " | stand | standan "to stand"; OHG stān, stēn "to stand" | stō "to stand", sistō "to cause to stand" | Doric hístāmi "I stand" | Stha / tíṣṭhati " stands" | Av hištaiti " stands"; OPers impf. a-ištata " stood" | OCS stajǫ "to stand up" | OPrus stalitwei "to stand", Lith stovėti "to stand" | OIr tair-issiur "I stand"; W sefyll "to stand" | stanam "I build; gain" | mbështet, pshtet "I support" | B stäm- "to stand", ste "is", "stare" " are" | istanta- "to stay, delay" |
| ' "to go" | ' | iddja "went" | eō "to go" | eĩmi "I go" | éti " goes", yánti " go" | Av aēiti " goes", yeinti " go"; OPers aitiy "goes" | OCS jiditi "to move away, to arrive", jidene "coming" | OPrus eitwei "to go", Lith eiti "to walk" | W wyf "I am"; OIr ethaid "goes" < ' | iǰanem "I climb down" < ' | iki "to leave; flee" ' | A yā "he went", B yatsi "to go" < ' | īt "go!" |
| ' "to come" | come | qiman "to come" | veniō "to come" | baínō "I go" | gámati " goes", aor. ágan, gan " went" | Av ǰamaiti "goes"; OAv inj. uz-ǰǝ̄n " goes", pl. gǝmǝn "they go" | OPrus gimtwei "to be born", Lith gimti "to be born" | ekn " came" | A käm-, kum-, B käm-, kam-, śem "to come" | ||||
| "to follow" | OE sec̣g "follower, companion, man" | ON seggr "hero" | sequor "to follow" | hépomai "I follow" | sácate " follows" | Av hačaitē, hačaiti " follows" | shagati "to walk" | OPrus sektwei "to shallow ", Lith sekti "to follow" | OIr sechithir''' "follows" |
Object motion
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
| ' "to carry" | bear | baíran "to carry" | ferō "to carry" | pʰerō "I carry" | bʰarati " carries" | Av baraiti " carries"; OPers barantiy "they carry" NPers bordan "to carry" Kurdish birin "to carry, to take" | OCS berǫ "to carry" | Lith berti "to pour non liquid" | OIr biru "I carry"; W beru "to flow" | berem "I carry" | bie "I carry" | ||
| ' "to convey" | weigh ; way ; wain "wagon" | ga-wigan "to move, shake" | vehō "to convey" | Pamphylian wekʰétō "he should bring"; Cypriot éwekse "brought there" | váhati " drives" | Av vazaiti " leads, carries" | OCS vezǫ "to drive" | OPrus weztun "to ride", Lith vežti "to drive" | OIr fēn, W gwain < *weĝʰ-no-; W arwain "to lead" | vjedh "I steal" | Hier Luw wa-zi/a- "drive" | ||
| ' "to lead, drive" | ON aka "to drive" | agō "to drive, do" | ágō "I lead" | ájati " drives" | Av azaiti " drives" Kurdish ajotin "to drive" | ehati "to drive" | OIr ad-aig "compels"; OW agit, hegit "goes" | acem "I lead" | A ak-, B āk- "go, lead" | ||||
| ' "to place, put" | do | deds "deed" | faciō "to do" < '; con-ditus "built", ab-ditus "removed" < Proto-Italic *-θatos < ' | títʰēmi "I put" < ' | dádʰāti " puts" < ' | Av daδāiti " puts"; OPers impf. adadā " established" | OCS děti "to lay" | OPrus ditun "to put", Lith dėti "to put" | Gaulish dede "he put "; W dodi "to place, to put";OIr -tarti "he gives" < Proto-Celtic *to-ro-ad-dīt < ' | dnel "to put"; ed "he put " | dhatë "place, location" < ' | A tā-, täs-, tas-, B tes- "to lay" < ' | dāi "puts" |
| ' "to give" | dō "to give" | dídōmi "I give" | dádāti " gives" | Av dadāiti " gives"; OPers impv. dadātuv "let him give" NPers dãdan "to give" | OCS damĭ "I will give" | OPrus datun "to give", Lith duoti "to give" | OIr dān, W dawn "gift" | tam "I give" | dhashë "I gave" < ' | dāi "takes" | |||
| ' "to grab" | have, heave | haban "to have", hafjan "to lift" | capiō "to take" | káptō "I snatch, swallow" | kapaṭī "two handfuls" | NPers časpīdan, čapsīdan, cafsīdan "to grasp, seize" | Ukrainian hapaty "to grab" | OPrus kaps "grave", Lith kapas "grave", kapt "expression to indicate grabbing. | OIr cacht "female slave", W caeth "slave" < *kap-tos "taken" | kap "I grasp, grab", kam "I have" | |||
| ' "to seize, take" | give | giban "to give" | habeō "to have" | gábʰastiḥ "forearm, hand" | OPers grab "to seize"; Kurdish girtin "to take, to seize | Russ. xvatátʹ "to snatch, suffice" | OPrus gabtun "to catch", Lith gauti " to get" | OIr gaibid "takes"; W gafael "to take hold, to grip" | |||||
| ' "to strike, kill" | bane | banja "blow, wound, ulcer" | dē-fendō "to ward off, defend", of-fendō "to bump, offend" | tʰeínō "I kill" < ', épepʰnon "I killed" < redup. + ' | hánti " strikes, kills" < ', gʰnánti "they strike, kill" | Av ǰainti " strikes, kills", ni-γne "I strike down"; OPers impf. ajanam "I struck down" | OCS ženǫ "drive ", žĭnjǫ "reap" | OPrus gintun "to defend", Lith ginti " to defend", ganyti "to drive animals to pasture" | OIr gonim "I wound, kill"; W gwanu "to stab" | ǰnem "I strike" < ', ǰnǰem "I destroy" < ' | gjanj "I hunt" < ' | B käsk- "to scatter to destruction" < ' | kuēnzi "kills" < ' |
| "to leave behind" | OE lēon "to lend" | leiƕan "to lend" | linquō "to leave behind" | leípō, limpánō "I leave behind" | riṇákti " leaves behind", 3rd. pl. riñcanti "they leave behind" | Av -irinaxti " frees"; NPers rēxtan "to pour out" | OBulg otŭ-lěkŭ "something left over", lišiti "to rob" < ' | OPrus palaistun "to leave behind", Lith likti "to stay" | OIr lēicid " leaves behind, releases" | lkʿanem "I leave behind" | Alb Lej' leave'' |
Time
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
| ' "yesterday" | yesterday | gistra- "tomorrow " | heri "yesterday" | kʰtʰés "yesterday" | hyáḥ "yesterday" < *gʰyés | Av zyō, Old Persian diya "yesterday" | OIr in-dē, W doe "yesterday" | dje "yesterday" | |||||
| ' "night" | night | nahts "night" < ' | nox "night" | núks "night" | nák "night" | Proto-Iranian *náxts, Kurdish nixte "rainy, cloudy " | OCS noštĭ "night" | OPrus nakts "night", Lith naktis "night" | OIr i-nnocht, OW henoid "on this night" | natë "night" | A nktim "nightly", B nekciye "in the evening" | nekuz "of evening" | |
| ' "dawn", ' "east", ' "gold" | eastern | ON austr "east" | aurōra "dawn", aurum "gold" | Doric āṓs "dawn" | uṣā́ḥ , acc. uṣā́sam "dawn" | Av ušā̊ , acc. ušā̊ŋhǝm "dawn" | OCS utro "morning", MKD zora "dawn" | OPrus austra "dawn", auss "gold", Lith aušra "dawn", auksas "gold" | OIr fāir "sunrise", W gwawr "dawn" < *wōsri- | ?os-ki "gold" | ?A wäs "gold" | ||
| ' "winter" | ON gói "winter month" | hiems "winter" | kʰeĩma "winter" | híma "winter" | Av zyā̊ "winter" | OCS zima "winter" | OPrus zeima "winter", Lith žiema "winter" | OIr gam "winter", gem-adaig "winter night"; OW gaem "winter" | jmeṙ "winter", jiwn "snow" | Gheg dimën, Tosk dimër "winter" | gimmanza "winter" | ||
| ' "spring" | ON vár "spring" | vēr "spring" | éar "spring" | vasan-tá- "spring" | Av vaŋri "in spring"; OPers ϑūra-vāhara- | OCS vesna "spring" | OPrus wassara "spring", Lith vasara "summer", pavasaris "spring", vėsu "cool" | OIr errach "spring"< *ferrach < *wesr-āko-; OW guiannuin "in spring" < *wes-n̥t-eino- | garun "spring"< *wesr- | ||||
| ' "year", ' "last year" | wether "castrated male sheep", | OHG widar "male sheep", MHG vert "last year" <- ', ON fjorð "last year" <- ' | vetus "old" ' "to die" | étos "year", pérusi "last year" | vatsá-, vatsará- "year", par-út "last year" | Sogdian wtšnyy "old" | OCS vetŭchŭ "old" | OLith vẽtušas "old" | MIr feis, Cornish guis "sow" < *wet-si- | heru "last year" < *peruti | vit "year" | witt- "year" | |
| "year" | year | jēr "year" | hōrnus "this year's" < *hōyōr- | hōra "time, year" < ' | yarhi - at which time / when | Av yārə "year" | Russ. CH jara "spring" | OLith Jórė "spring festival" | W iâr "hen", MIr eir-īn "fowl" |