Lilium
Lilium is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants growing from bulbs, all with large prominent flowers. Lilies are a group of flowering plants which are important in culture and literature in much of the world. Most species are native to the temperate northern hemisphere, though their range extends into the northern subtropics. Many other plants have "lily" in their common name but are not related to true lilies.
Description
Lilies are tall perennials ranging in height from. They form naked or tunicless scaly underground bulbs which are their organs of perennation. In some North American species the base of the bulb develops into rhizomes, on which numerous small bulbs are found. Some species develop stolons. Most bulbs are buried deep in the ground, but a few species form bulbs near the soil surface. Many species form stem-roots. With these, the bulb grows naturally at some depth in the soil, and each year the new stem puts out adventitious roots above the bulb as it emerges from the soil. These roots are in addition to the basal roots that develop at the base of the bulb.The flowers are large, often fragrant, and come in a wide range of colors including whites, yellows, oranges, pinks, reds and purples. Markings include spots and brush strokes. The plants are late spring- or summer-flowering. Flowers are borne in racemes or umbels at the tip of the stem, with six tepals spreading or reflexed, to give flowers varying from funnel shape to a "Turk's cap". The tepals are free from each other, and bear a nectary at the base of each flower. The ovary is 'superior', borne above the point of attachment of the anthers. The fruit is a three-celled capsule.
Seeds ripen in late summer. They exhibit varying and sometimes complex germination patterns, many adapted to cool temperate climates.
Naturally most cool temperate species are deciduous and dormant in winter in their native environment. But a few species which distribute in hot summer and mild winter area lose leaves and remain relatively short dormant in Summer or Autumn, sprout from Autumn to winter, forming dwarf stem bearing a basal rosette of leaves until, after they have received sufficient chilling, the stem begins to elongate in warming weather.
The basic chromosome number is twelve.
Taxonomy
Taxonomical division in sections follows the classical division of Comber, species acceptance follows the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, the taxonomy of section Pseudolirium is from the Flora of North America, the taxonomy of Section Liriotypus is given in consideration of Resetnik et al. 2007, the taxonomy of Chinese species follows the Flora of China and the taxonomy of Section Sinomartagon follows Nishikawa et al. as does the taxonomy of Section Archelirion.The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, as of 2014, considers Nomocharis a separate genus in its own right, however some authorities consider Nomocharis to be embedded within Lilium, rather than treat it as a separate genus.
There are seven sections:
- Martagon
- Pseudolirium
- Liriotypus
- Archelirion
- Sinomartagon
- Leucolirion
- Daurolirion
| Picture | Section | Sub Section | Botanical name | common name |
| Martagon | Lilium distichum | |||
| Martagon | Lilium hansonii | |||
| Martagon | Lilium martagon | Martagon or Turk's cap lily | ||
| Martagon | Lilium medeoloides | |||
| Martagon | Lilium tsingtauense | |||
| Pseudolirium | 2a | Lilium bolanderi | Bolander's Lily | |
| Pseudolirium | 2a | Lilium puberulum | ||
| Pseudolirium | 2a | Lilium kelloggii | ||
| Pseudolirium | 2a | Lilium rubescens | ||
| Pseudolirium | 2a | Lilium washingtonianum | Washington Lily, Shasta Lily, or Mt. Hood Lily | |
| Pseudolirium | 2b | Lilium kelleyanum | ||
| Pseudolirium | 2b | Lilium maritimum | ||
| Pseudolirium | 2b | Lilium occidentale | ||
| Pseudolirium | 2b | Lilium pardalinum | Panther or Leopard lily | |
| Pseudolirium | 2b | Lilium parryi | ||
| Pseudolirium | 2b | Lilium parvum | Sierra tiger lily or Alpine lily | |
| Pseudolirium | 2c | Lilium canadense | Canada Lily or Meadow Lily | |
| Pseudolirium | 2c | Lilium grayi | ||
| Pseudolirium | 2c | Lilium iridollae | ||
| Pseudolirium | 2c | Lilium michiganense | Michigan Lily | |
| Pseudolirium | 2c | Lilium michauxii | Carolina Lily | |
| Pseudolirium | 2c | Lilium superbum | Swamp lily or American tiger lily | |
| Pseudolirium | 2c | Lilium pyrophilum | Sandhills Lily | |
| Pseudolirium | 2d | Lilium catesbaei | ||
| Pseudolirium | 2d | Lilium philadelphicum | Wood lily, Philadelphia lily or prairie lily | |
| Liriotypus | 3a | Lilium candidum | Madonna lily | |
| Liriotypus | 3b | Lilium albanicum | ||
| Liriotypus | 3b | Lilium bosniacum | ||
| Liriotypus | 3b | Lilium chalcedonicum | ||
| Liriotypus | 3b | Lilium carniolicum | ||
| Liriotypus | 3b | Lilium ciliatum | ||
| Liriotypus | 3b | Lilium heldreichii | ||
| Liriotypus | 3b | Lilium jankae | ||
| Liriotypus | 3b | Lilium pomponium | Turban lily | |
| Liriotypus | 3b | Lilium ponticum | ||
| Liriotypus | 3b | Lilium pyrenaicum | ||
| Liriotypus | 3c | Lilium akkusianum | ||
| Liriotypus | 3c | Lilium kesselringianum | ||
| Liriotypus | 3c | Lilium monadelphum | ||
| Liriotypus | 3c | Lilium rhodopeum | ||
| Liriotypus | 3c | Lilium szovitsianum | Polish Lily | |
| Liriotypus | 3c | Lilium polyphyllum | ||
| Liriotypus | 3c | Lilium ledebourii | ||
| Liriotypus | 3d | Lilium bulbiferum | Orange Lily or Fire Lily | |
| Archelirion | 4a | Lilium speciosum | Japanese lily | |
| Archelirion | 4b | Lilium auratum | Golden rayed lily of Japan, or Goldband lily | |
| Archelirion | 4c | Lilium alexandrae | ||
| Archelirion | 4c | Lilium japonicum | ||
| Archelirion | 4c | Lilium nobilissimum | ||
| Archelirion | 4d | Lilium brownii | ||
| Archelirion | 4d | Lilium rubellum | ||
| Archelirion | 4d | Lilium platyphyllum | ||
| Sinomartagon | 5a | Lilium davidii | ||
| Sinomartagon | 5a | Lilium duchartrei | ||
| Sinomartagon | 5a | Lilium henryi | Tiger Lily or Henry's lily | |
| Sinomartagon | 5a | Lilium lancifolium | Tiger Lily | |
| Sinomartagon | 5a | Lilium lankongense | ||
| Sinomartagon | 5a | Lilium leichtlinii | ||
| Sinomartagon | 5a | Lilium papilliferum | ||
| Sinomartagon | 5a | Lilium rosthornii | ||
| Sinomartagon | 5b | Lilium amabile | ||
| Sinomartagon | 5b | Lilium callosum | ||
| Sinomartagon | 5b | Lilium cernuum | ||
| Sinomartagon | 5b | Lilium concolor | Morning Star Lily | |
| Sinomartagon | 5b | Lilium fargesii | ||
| Sinomartagon | 5b | Lilium pumilum | Coral Lily, Low Lily, or Siberian Lily | |
| Sinomartagon | 5b | Lilium xanthellum | ||
| Sinomartagon | 5c | Lilium amoenum | ||
| Sinomartagon | 5c | Lilium arboricola | ||
| Sinomartagon | 5c | Lilium bakerianum | ||
| Sinomartagon | 5c | Lilium euxanthum | ||
| Sinomartagon | 5c | Lilium henrici | ||
| Sinomartagon | 5c | Lilium lophophorum | ||
| Sinomartagon | 5c | Lilium mackliniae | Siroi Lily | |
| Sinomartagon | 5c | Lilium majoense | ||
| Sinomartagon | 5c | Lilium nanum | ||
| Sinomartagon | 5c | Lilium nepalense | ||
| Sinomartagon | 5c | Lilium oxypetalum | ||
| Sinomartagon | 5c | Lilium paradoxum | ||
| Sinomartagon | 5c | Lilium poilanei | ||
| Sinomartagon | 5c | Lilium primulinum | ||
| Sinomartagon | 5c | Lilium sempervivoideum | ||
| Sinomartagon | 5c | Lilium sherriffiae | ||
| Sinomartagon | 5c | Lilium souliei | ||
| Sinomartagon | 5c | Lilium stewartianum | ||
| Sinomartagon | 5c | Lilium taliense | ||
| Sinomartagon | 5c | Lilium wardii | ||
| Sinomartagon | 5? | Lilium brevistylum | ||
| Sinomartagon | 5? | Lilium lijiangense | ||
| Sinomartagon | 5? | Lilium anhuiense | ||
| Sinomartagon | 5? | Lilium eupetes | ||
| Sinomartagon | 5? | Lilium habaense | ||
| Sinomartagon | 5? | Lilium huidongense | ||
| Sinomartagon | 5? | Lilium jinfushanense | ||
| Sinomartagon | 5? | Lilium matangense | ||
| Sinomartagon | 5? | Lilium medogense | ||
| Sinomartagon | 5? | Lilium pinifolium | ||
| Sinomartagon | 5? | Lilium pyi | ||
| Sinomartagon | 5? | Lilium saccatum | ||
| Sinomartagon | 5? | Lilium tianschanicum | ||
| Sinomartagon | 5? | Lilium floridum | ||
| Leucolirion | 6a | Lilium leucanthum | ||
| Leucolirion | 6a | Lilium regale | ||
| Leucolirion | 6a | Lilium sargentiae | ||
| Leucolirion | 6a | Lilium sulphureum | ||
| Leucolirion | 6a | Lilium wenshanense | ||
| Leucolirion | 6b | Lilium anhuiense | ||
| Leucolirion | 6b | Lilium formosanum | ||
| Leucolirion | 6b | Lilium longiflorum | Easter Lily | |
| Leucolirion | 6b | Lilium neilgherrense | ||
| Leucolirion | 6b | Lilium philippinense | Benguet lily | |
| Leucolirion | 6b | Lilium wallichianum | ||
| Leucolirion | 6b | Lilium zairii | ||
| Leucolirion | 6b | Lilium puerense | ||
| Daurolirion | Lilium dauricum | |||
| Daurolirion | Lilium maculatum | |||
| Daurolirion | Lilium pensylvanicum | |||
| Lilium eupetes | ||||
| Lilium armenum | ||||
| Lilium bosniacum | ||||
| Lilium columbianum | ||||
| Lilium debile | ||||
| Lilium humboldtii | ||||
| Lilium rockii |
Some species formerly included within this genus have now been placed in other genera. These genera include Cardiocrinum, Notholirion, Nomocharis and Fritillaria.
Etymology
The botanic name Lilium is the Latin form and is a Linnaean name. The Latin name is derived from the Greek λείριον, leírion, generally assumed to refer to true, white lilies as exemplified by the Madonna lily. The word was borrowed from Coptic hleri, from standard hreri, from Demotic hrry, from Egyptian hrṛt "flower". Meillet maintains that both the Egyptian and the Greek word are possible loans from an extinct, substratum language of the Eastern Mediterranean. The Greeks also used the word κρῖνον, krīnon, albeit for non-white lilies.The term "lily" has in the past been applied to numerous flowering plants, often with only superficial resemblance to the true lily, including water lily, fire lily, lily of the Nile, calla lily, trout lily, kaffir lily, cobra lily, lily of the valley, daylily, ginger lily, Amazon lily, leek lily, Peruvian lily, and others. All English translations of the Bible render the Hebrew shūshan, shōshan, shōshannā as "lily", but the "lily among the thorns" of Song of Solomon, for instance, may be the honeysuckle.
For a list of other species described as lilies, see Lily.
Distribution and habitat
The range of lilies in the Old World extends across much of Europe, across most of Asia to Japan, south to India, and east to Indochina and the Philippines. In the New World they extend from southern Canada through much of the United States. They are commonly adapted to either woodland habitats, often montane, or sometimes to grassland habitats. A few can survive in marshland and epiphytes are known in tropical southeast Asia. In general they prefer moderately acidic or lime-free soils.Ecology
Lilies are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the Dun-bar.The proliferation of deer in many places, mainly due to factors such as the elimination of large predators for human safety, is responsible for a downturn in lily populations in the wild and is a threat to garden lilies as well. Fences as high as 8 feet may be required to prevent them from consuming the plants, an impractical solution for most wild areas.
Cultivation
Many species are widely grown in the garden in temperate, sub-tropical and tropical regions. They may also be grown as potted plants. Numerous ornamental hybrids have been developed. They can be used in herbaceous borders, woodland and shrub plantings, and as patio plants. Some lilies, especially Lilium longiflorum, form important cut flower crops. These may be forced for particular markets; for instance, Lilium longiflorum for the Easter trade, when it may be called the Easter lily.Lilies are usually planted as bulbs in the dormant season. They are best planted in a south-facing, slightly sloping aspect, in sun or part shade, at a depth 2½ times the height of the bulb. Most prefer a porous, loamy soil, and good drainage is essential. Most species bloom in July or August. The flowering periods of certain lily species begin in late spring, while others bloom in late summer or early autumn. They have contractile roots which pull the plant down to the correct depth, therefore it is better to plant them too shallowly than too deep. A soil pH of around 6.5 is generally safe. The soil should be well-drained, and plants must be kept watered during the growing season. Some plants have strong wiry stems, but those with heavy flower heads may need staking.
Awards
The following lily species and cultivars currently hold the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit :- African Queen Group 2002 H6
- 'Casa Blanca' 1993 H6
- 'Fata Morgana' 2002 H6
- 'Garden Party' 2002 H6
- Golden Splendor Group
- Lilium henryi 1993 H6
- Lilium mackliniae 2012 H5
- Lilium martagon – Turk's cap lily
- Lilium pardalinum – leopard lily
- Pink Perfection Group
- Lilium regale – regal lily, king's lily
Classification of garden forms
Asiatic hybrids (Division I)
- Dwarf varieties are much shorter, c.36–61 cm in height and were designed for containers. They often bear the cultivar name 'Tiny', such as the 'Lily Looks' series, e.g. 'Tiny Padhye', 'Tiny Dessert'.
Martagon hybrids (Division II)
Candidum (Euro-Caucasian) hybrids (Division III)
American hybrids (Division IV)
Longiflorum hybrids (Division V)
Trumpet lilies (Division VI), including Aurelian hybrids (with ''L. henryi'')
Oriental hybrids (Division VII)
Other hybrids (Division VIII)
Species (Division IX)
The flowers can be classified by flower aspect and form:- Flower aspect:
- Flower form:
Pests and diseases
may infest plants. Leatherjackets feed on the roots. Larvae of the Scarlet lily beetle can cause serious damage to the stems and leaves. The scarlet beetle lays its eggs and completes its life cycle only on true lilies and fritillaries. Oriental, rubrum, tiger and trumpet lilies as well as Oriental trumpets and Turk's cap lilies and native North American Lilium species are all vulnerable, but the beetle prefers some types over others. The beetle could also be having an effect on native Canadian species and some rare and endangered species found in northeastern North America. Daylilies are excluded from this category. Plants can suffer from damage caused by mice, deer and squirrels. Slugs, snails and millipedes attack seedlings, leaves and flowers. Brown spots on damp leaves may signal botrytis. Various fungal and viral diseases can cause mottling of leaves and stunting of growth.Propagation and growth
Lilies can be propagated in several ways;- by division of the bulbs
- by growing-on bulbils which are adventitious bulbs formed on the stem
- by scaling, for which whole scales are detached from the bulb and planted to form a new bulb
- by seed; there are many seed germination patterns, which can be complex
- by micropropagation techniques ; commercial quantities of lilies are often propagated in vitro and then planted out to grow into plants large enough to sell.
Toxicity
Some Lilium species are toxic to cats. This is known to be so especially for Lilium longiflorum though other Lilium and the unrelated Hemerocallis can also cause the same symptoms. The true mechanism of toxicity is undetermined, but it involves damage to the renal tubular epithelium, which can cause acute kidney failure. Veterinary help should be sought, as a matter of urgency, for any cat that is suspected of eating any part of a lily – including licking pollen that may have brushed onto its coat.Culinary uses
Chinese cuisine
Lily bulbs are starchy and edible as root vegetables, though bulbs of some species may be too bitter to eat.Lilium brownii var. viridulum, known as 百合 or 龍牙百合, is one of the most prominent edible lilies in China, mainly cultivated in Hunan and Jiangxi for its non-bitter bulbs. Its bulbs were even exported and sold in the San Francisco Chinatown in the 19th century, available both fresh and dry.
L. lancifolium is widely cultivated in China, especially in Yixing, Huzhou and Longshan. Its bulbs are slightly bitter.
L. davidii var. unicolor is mainly cultivated in Lanzhou and its bulbs are valued for sweetness.
Other edible Chinese lilies include L. brownii var. brownii, L. davidii var. davidii, L. concolor, L. pensylvanicum, L. distichum, L. martagon var. pilosiusculum, L. pumilum, L. rosthornii and L. speciosum var. gloriosoides. Researchers have also explored the possibility of using ornamental cultivars as edible lilies.
The dried bulbs are commonly used in the south to flavor soup. They may be reconstituted and stir-fried, grated and used to thicken soup, or processed to extract starch. Their texture and taste draw comparisons with the potato, although the individual bulb scales are much smaller.
The commonly marketed "lily" flower buds, called 金针菜 in Chinese cuisine, are actually from daylilies, Hemerocallis citrina, or possibly H. fulva. Flowers of the H. graminea and Lilium bulbiferum were reported to have been eaten as well, but samples provided by the informant were strictly daylilies and did not include L. bulbiferum.
Lily flowers and bulbs are eaten especially in the summer, for their perceived ability to reduce internal heat. A 19th century English source reported that "Lily flowers are also said to be efficacious in pulmonary affections, and to have tonic properties".
Taiwan
There are already commercially available organic growing and normal growing edible lily bulbs. Most edible lily bulbs sold at the Taiwanese market are mostly imported from mainland China or Japan, as has been the case since at least the late 19th century. Nowadays, lily bulbs from the Chinese mainland are only shipped in as loose scales, and mostly of L. davidii var. unicolor and L. brownii var. viridulum. Japanese imports are mostly bulbs of the Lilium leichtlinii var. maximowiczii.Asiatic lily cultivars are also imported from the Netherlands; the seedling bulbs must be imported from the Netherlands every year.
The parts of Lilium species which are officially listed as food material are the flower and bulbs of Lilium lancifolium, Lilium brownii var. viridulum, Lilium pumilum and Lilium candidum.
Japanese cuisine
The lily bulb or yuri-ne is sometimes used in Japanese cuisine. It may be most familiar in the present day as an occasional ingredient in the chawan-mushi, where a few loosened scales of this optional ingredient are found embedded in the "hot pudding" of each serving. It could also be used as an ingredient in a clear soup or.The boiled bulb may also be strained into purée for use, as in the sweetened kinton, or chakin-shibori.
Yokan
There is also the yuri-yōkan, one recipe of which calls for combining measures of yuri starch with agar dissolved in water and sugar. This was a specialty of Hamada, Shimane, and the shop Kaisei-dō established in 1885 became famous for it. Because a certain Viscount Jimyōin wrote a waka poem about the confection which mentioned hime-yuri "princess lily", one source stated that the hime-yuri had to have been used, but another source points out that the city of Hamada lies back to back with across a mountain range with Fuchu, Hiroshima which is renowned for its production of yama-yuri .Species used
Current Japanese governmental sources list the following lily species as prominent in domestic consumption: the oni yuri or tiger lily Lilium lancifolium, the kooni yuri Lilium leichtlinii var. maximowiczii, and the gold-banded white yama-yuri L. auratum.But Japanese sources c. 1895–1900, give a top-three list which replaces kooni yuri with the sukashi-yuri named from the gaps between the tepals.
There is uncertainty regarding which species is meant by the hime-yuri used as food, because although this is usually the common name for L. concolor in most up-to-date literature, it used to ambiguously referred to the tiger lily as well, c. 1895–1900. The non-tiger-lily himeyuri is certainly described as quite palatable in the literature at the time, but the extent of exploitation could not have been as significant.
North America
The flower buds and roots of Lilium canadense are traditionally gathered and eaten by North American indigenous peoples. Coast Salish, Nuu-chah-nulth and most western Washington peoples steam, boil or pit-cook the bulbs of Lilium columbianum. Bitter or peppery-tasting, they were mostly used as a flavoring, often in soup with meat or fish.Medicinal uses
list the use of the following: 野百合 Lilium brownii, 百合 Lilium brownii var. viridulum, 渥丹 Lilium concolor, 毛百合 Lilium dauricum, 卷丹 Lilium lancifolium, 山丹 Lilium pumilum, 南川百合 Lilium rosthornii, 药百合Lilium speciosum var. gloriosoides, 淡黄花百合 Lilium sulphureumIn Taiwan, governmental publications list Lilium lancifolium Thunb., Lilium brownii var. viridulum Baker, Lilium pumilum DC.
In the kanpō or Chinese medicine as practiced in Japan, the official Japanese governmental pharmacopeia Nihon yakkyokuhō includes the use of lily bulb, listing the use of the following species: Lilium lancifolium, Lilium brownii, Lilium brownii var. colchesteri, Lilium pumilum The scales flaked off from the bulbs are used, usually steamed.
In South Korea, the lilium species which are officially listed for medicinal use are 참나리 Lilium lancifolium Thunberg; 당나리 Lilium brownii var. viridulun Baker;
In culture
Symbolism
In the Victorian language of flowers, lilies portray love, ardor, and affection for your loved ones, while orange lilies stand for happiness, love, and warmth.Lilies are the flowers most commonly used at funerals, where they symbolically signify that the soul of the deceased has been restored to the state of innocence.
Lilium formosanum, or Taiwanese lily, is called "the flower of broken bowl" by the elderly members of the Hakka ethnic group. They believe that because this lily grows near bodies of clean water, harming the lily may damage the environment, just like breaking the bowls that people rely on. An alternative explanation is that parents convince children into not taking the lily by convincing the children that their dinner bowls may break if they destroy this flower.
In Western Christianity, Madonna lily or Lilium candidum has been associated with the Virgin Mary since at least the Medieval Era. Medieval and Renaissance depictions of the Virgin Mary, especially at the Annunciation, often show her with these flowers. Madonna lilies are also commonly included in depictions of Christ's resurrection. Lilium longiflorum, the Easter lily, is a symbol of Easter, and Lilium candidum, the Madonna lily, carries a great deal of symbolic value in many cultures. See the articles for more information.
Heraldry
The fleur-de-lis, associated primarily with French royalty, is a stylized lily flower.Lilium bulbiferum has long been recognised as a symbol of the Orange Order in Northern Ireland.
Lilium mackliniae is the state flower of Manipur. Lilium michauxii, the Carolina lily, is the official state flower of North Carolina. Idyllwild, California, hosts the Lemon Lily Festival, which celebrates Lilium parryi. Lilium philadelphicum is the floral emblem of Saskatchewan province in Canada, and is on the flag of Saskatchewan.