Nadahup languages


The Nadahup languages, also known as Makú or Vaupés–Japurá, form a small language family in Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela. The name Maku is pejorative, being derived from an Arawakan word meaning "without speech". Nadahup is an acronym of the constituent languages.
The Nadahup family should not be confused with several other languages which go by the name Maku, including the Maku language of Roraima. There are proposals linking this unclassified language with Nadahup, but also with other languages.

External relationships

Martins groups the Arawakan and Nadahup languages together as part of a proposed Makúan-Arawakan family, but this proposal has been rejected by Aikhenvald.
Epps and Bolanos accept the unity of the four Nadahup languages, but do not consider Puinave to be related.

Language contact

Jolkesky notes that there are lexical similarities with the Arawa, Guahibo, and Tupi language families due to contact.

Languages

Nadahup consists of about four languages, based on mutual intelligibility. Nadeb and Kuyawi, Hup and Yahup, and Nukak and Kakwa, however, share 90% of their vocabulary and are mutually intelligible, and so are separate languages only in a sociolinguistic sense. These four branches are not close: Although the family was first suggested in 1906, only 300 cognates have been found, which include pronouns but no other grammatical forms.
glossNadëbHupDâwNïkâk
father
egg
water
tooth
house

Nadëb may be the most divergent; of the other languages, there is disagreement on the placement of Nïkâk. Martins propose two classifications, pending further research:
;Martins, proposal A
;Martins, proposal B
However, Epps considers Hup and Yahup to be distinct languages, and maintains that the inclusion of the poorly attested Nukak and Kakwa has not been demonstrated and is in fact highly dubious:
;Epps

Jolkesky (2016)

Internal classification by Jolkesky :
;Puinave-Nadahup
Dâw and Hup—especially Hup—have undergone grammatical restructuring under Tucano influence. They have lost prefixes but acquired suffixes from grammaticalized verb roots. They also have heavily monosyllabic roots, as can be seen by the reduction of Portuguese loan words to their stressed syllable, as in Dâw yẽl’ "money", from Portuguese dinheiro. Nadëb and Nïkâk, on the other hand, have polysyllabic roots. Nïkâk allows a single prefix per word, whereas Nadëb, which lies outside the Vaupés language area, is heavily prefixing and polysynthetic: Up to nine prefixes per word, with incorporation of nouns, prepositions, and adverbs.

Genetic relations

Rivet, Kaufman and Pozzobon include Puinave within the family. However, many of the claimed cognate sets are spurious.
Henley, Mattéi-Müller and Reid present evidence that the Hodï language is related.
Puinavean forms part of a hypothetical Macro-Puinavean family along with the Arutani–Sape families and the Maku language of Roraima.
Macro-Puinavean is included in Joseph Greenberg's larger Macro-Tucanoan stock, but this is generally rejected. Another larger grouping is Morris Swadesh's Macro-Makú.

Vocabulary

lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Macú languages.
glossQueraríPuináveCuricuriaíDóuTiquiéHúbdeYehúbdePapuryMarahanNadöböPar. Boá-Boá
onebignõũhätämadméidméẽtaĩyábaaihúbkoopshedehenyavúratíb
twotxénõũkántémidtubmmbeʔékognábpowoːbetömwópemagchíg
threebexkámänõũhepeyadmtaʔneuápmotuábmóneguapmoraábmanappowóbehayo
headuaitíbna-huyádnudeu-nũnúnunũnuxgi-nú
toothmäúmo-lógtákideu-tógntágntagntagntangyö-togye-tögyi-tog
womanyádndeaiaːĩaáeiamáidnaiyabtaeihöñmaria
watermãédnéxnoːndéndendedexnahörunahögnöugna
firetekédndébehaúbehoːndégnhotegntegntenghontögötahõ
tobaccohébxobhóthũúdhóthodhudhotexutaúhta
jaguartxamníyotdamyámyampiyámñaámnyaamyaamawatawadduvád
tapirhíuibeyaptáxtaxdátatatógötögtaígn
housememotáuptobmõimóimóĩmooitobtoobtóba

Proto-language

For a list of selected Proto-Eastern Makú reconstructions by Martins, see the corresponding :pt:Línguas macus#Reconstrução|Portuguese article.