Planets in science fiction


Planets in science fiction are fictional planets that appear in various media of the science fiction genre as story-settings or depicted locations.
Before Galileo turned his telescope to the heavens, the planets of the Solar System were not widely recognized as worlds, or places where a person could potentially set foot; they were visible to observers merely as bright points of light, distinguishable from stars only by their motion.
In the system of Claudius Ptolemy, the Alexandrian astronomer whose works were the basis of all European astronomy throughout the Middle Ages and Renaissance, the planets were lights set into a series of transparent spheres turning around the Earth, which was the center of the one and only universe. Dante, in his Paradiso, describes the ascent of his narrator through the spheres of the Moon, the planets from Mercury to Saturn, and thence to the sphere of the fixed stars and the heavens of the angels. Dante implies that the light of the planets is a combination of light imparted by Divine will and the radiance of the blessed souls that inhabit the spheres. These planets are, however, entirely ethereal; they have light but no physical form and no geography.

Planets as places

, in his epic Orlando Furioso, jestingly sent his hero to a Moon where everything lost on Earth eventually turns up; but it was not until Galileo discovered that the Moon had surface features, and that the other planets could, at least, be resolved into disks, that the concept that the planets were real physical bodies came to be taken seriously. In 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus had already posited that the planets orbited the Sun as the Earth does; combined, these two concepts led to the thought that the planets might be "worlds" similar to the Earth. Public expression of such concepts could be dangerous, however; Giordano Bruno was martyred in 1600 for, among other things, imagining an infinite number of other worlds, and claiming that "Innumerable suns exist; innumerable Earths revolve about these suns... Living beings inhabit these worlds" in De l'infinito universo e mondi.
At the time, such speculation was of a rather rarefied sort, and was limited to astronomers like Christiaan Huygens who wrote a book, Cosmotheoros considering the possibility of life on other planets; or to philosophers like Campanella, who wrote in defense of Galileo. The concept of life on distant planets was not, however, much utilized in fiction. The most popular target of 17th century "science fiction" was the Moon. Oddly, none of these fictions made use of the lunar maps contemporaneously created by Hevelius, Riccioli and others.
It was quite some time before such "extraordinary voyages" went beyond the lunar sphere. Eberhard Kindermann sent an airship to the planets in 1744 in Die Geschwinde Reise auf dem Lufft-schiff nach der obern Welt ; while a traveller from the star Sirius passes inward through the Solar System, stopping at various planets in Voltaire's Micromégas ; followed by another outward voyage in Marie-Anne de Roumier-Robert's Voyage de Milord Céton dans les Sept Planètes. These stories were generally unscientific and tended towards the satirical rather than the purely entertaining; their subject-matter was probably inspired by the popular writings of Fontenelle, notably his Entretiens sur la pluralité des mondes.
With the rapid developments in the magnifying and resolving power of telescopes in the course of the 19th century, it finally became possible to distinguish surface features on other planets and even to draw maps of some of them, notably Mars. In 1877, Asaph Hall reported two moons of Mars and Giovanni Schiaparelli found the surface of Mars to be adorned with continents, seas, and channels, and a very suitable habitat for life. From the beginning of the 1880s, fictions – some more, some less scientific – involving travels to and from Mars began to be produced in great quantities, even though the observations of Percival Lowell required reassessment of Mars as a more marginal desert planet. Mars remained a favored destination for fictional travellers down to the early 1960s. Since probes revealed the absence of any indications of intelligent life on Mars, the science fictional Mars has changed to a possible future home for the human race, e.g. through terraforming.
Venus was never quite so popular as Mars, probably because it obdurately refused to display any surface features, making any statement about its nature disturbingly speculative. In 1918, chemist Svante Arrhenius, deciding that Venus' cloud cover was necessarily water, decreed in The Destinies of the Stars that "A very great part of the surface of Venus is no doubt covered with swamps" and compared Venus' humidity to the tropical rain forests of the Congo. Venus thus became, until the early 1960s, a place for science fiction writers to place all manner of unusual life forms, from quasi-dinosaurs to intelligent carnivorous plants, and where hostile interactions with Venusian natives were reminiscent of European colonial projects in Africa and Asia. In fact Venus's surface is hot enough to melt lead, and it is extremely hostile to life.
Various planets of the Solar System were used as settings for science fiction stories in the first half of the 20th century; but dissatisfaction with the limits imposed by science led many writers early on to forsake the Solar System for fictional planets around distant stars. As increasing knowledge of the Solar System made the prospects of life in the vicinity of Earth marginal at best, the extrasolar planet has become almost the only venue for contemporary science fiction.
In many works of science fiction, planets are only described casually, as points of origin and departure, or as interchangeable backdrops for space battles. This is particularly true of space opera. In other works, the planet is the center stage, the primary scene of events, and particular attention is paid to its environment and any culture that may exist there. Adventure stories that stick to a single, well-described planet are sometimes called planetary romances; some of these planets are not very realistic and are effectively fantasy worlds.
Planets may be treated in different ways depending both on the interests of the author and the genre he or she is writing in. In some stories, a planet is mainly considered as an object in space: the interest of the fiction depends upon its astronomical characteristics, such as its mass, its geological composition, its atmosphere, how many moons it has and what size they are, how close it is to its sun and how hot they are. Such considerations are found prominently though not exclusively in the hard science fiction genre.
In other stories, a planet is considered as a world or setting. Such a planet will be described from the point of view of a person dwelling on it, rather than from the point of view of an outside observer: the fiction may describe its geography, its history, and the social and cultural characteristics of its civilizations. Since authors usually adopt human protagonists, such planets are typically described as very hospitable to human life and, other than in geography, nearly indistinguishable from Earth; Brian Stableford calls such planets "Earth-Clones". Conversely some fictional worlds are never more than marginally habitable, which has a profound effect on societies that developed or moved there. Numerous examples of this are to be found in the Known Space stories of Larry Niven.
In some works of fiction, such as Pournelle's CoDominium or Card's Ender's Game series, certain planets are settled by specific ethnic groups. However, in novels set in distant futures, e.g. Dune, the inhabitants have usually forgotten about the original settlers.
While some authors choose to treat a planet in depth, considering it to have a wide diversity of geography, climate, politics and culture, others prefer to characterize their planets by some single global characteristic. Many of these uniform settings have become stereotypes, used in a variety of science fictional works. Such stereotypes include: the planet covered by a single city; the planet whose surface is entirely desert; the planet covered by ocean, with no landmasses; the planet on which it is perpetually winter; the planet that is self-aware; and the planet which has been artificially constructed.
Other planets appear in humorous or comical settings, sometimes spoofing more conventional science fiction. Such planets are often described with no pretense to scientific accuracy; their strange characteristics are primarily intended to amuse.
For the Star Trek universe, a detailed planetary classification system has been devised; it is not actually used by scientists.

Planet lists

For planets from specific fictional milieux, use the following lists and categories:

Literature

For a more scientific approach to classifying planet types from Orion's Arm
Ice planets have figured prominently in science fiction, such as Hoth, an ice planet featured in The Empire Strikes Back, or Gethen, an ice planet in the novel The Left Hand of Darkness by Ursula K. Le Guin.
An ice planet named Fichina is featured in the Star Fox video game series.
Ancient Mesa is a venue in . Its tracks includes the Split and Skating Circuits. Another ice planet appears in the name of White Land in every other F-Zero games. Described as covered in crystals in the first game, its appearance in the anime F-Zero: Falcon Densetsu and the games based on this media shows ice and snow as the dominant features of this venue.
Starkiller Base was originally an ice world in the Unknown Regions, until the First Order converted it into a superweapon that destroyed the New Republic.

Lava planets

Lava worlds can be seen occasionally in science fiction. In Star Wars, one such planet is, with its heat caused by tidal forces from nearby gas giants. Mustafar scenes take place in '.
A lava world called Solar is also featured in Star Fox 64.
A venue named Fire Field appears in the F-Zero franchise, where it is the last track of the King League in the first game. It is also notable for being one of the few venues to appear in every game of the franchise.
The Pyronite homeworld in Ben 10 is a planet-like star called which has multiple active volcanos.
Excalbia is a planet with a mostly molten lava surface, featured in
'. Silicon-based beings native to the planet create a habitable earthlike area on the surface. There, Kirk and Spock, along with replicas of Abraham Lincoln and Surak are pitted against replicas of four historical figures considered "evil" by the Federation. Ostensibly this is so that they can gain an understanding of the concept of "good vs. evil"
In the videogame StarCraft, the main hive world of the Zerg is located on Char, a planet with important volcanic activity. The surface is covered in ash while the underground is filled with lava.

Ocean planets

Mars as a desert planet

Before, and certainly after, the results sent back by the Viking landers, some science fiction set on Mars portrayed it as a desert planet. Science fiction stories that do so include:
Other desert planets have been used as story motifs in fictional works:
PlanetSourceYearMediumDetailsReference
AbydosStargate and later in the TV series Stargate SG-11994Film
Altair IVForbidden Planet1956Film
AnarresThe Dispossessed by Ursula K. Le Guin1974NovelNot strictly a desert planet; has oceans and is predominantly steppe
Arrakis Dune by Frank Herbert, and subsequent works in the Dune universe1965NovelHomeworld of the Fremen and source of the valuable spice melange
AthasDark Sun setting for Dungeons & Dragons1991Role-playing game
Bara MagnaBionicle2009Toy lineLarge utopian planet struck by a cataclysm 100,000 years previous
BarrayarShards of Honor by Lois McMaster Bujold and subsequent works in the Vorkosigan Saga1986NovelLead planet of the Barrayaran Empire. Originally colonized by humans 400 years prior to the start of Shards of Honor, Barrayar is then cut off after a wormhole collapse and regresses to a feudal system. After fighting off human invaders centuries in the future, Barrayar becomes a space-faring empire but remains backwards in several respects.
Beachworld"Beachworld" by Stephen King1985Short story
ByssStar Wars: Dark Empire1991–1992Comic book
Canopus III' episode "The Eye of the Beholder |The Eye of the Beholder"1974Animated TV series
Cardassia IV' episode "The Homecoming |The Homecoming"1993TV series
Ceti Alpha V' episode "Space Seed", '1967, 1982TV series, filmBecame the home of dictator Khan Noonien Singh and his followers following the events of Space Seed. Became a desert planet six months later when neighbouring Ceti Alpha VI exploded, with the loss of nearly all life on Ceti Alpha V
Dorvan V' episode "Journey's End |Journey's End"1994TV series
Dozaria' episode "Indiscretion"1995TV series-
FireLexx season 31999TV seriesAn afterlife planet for the souls of deceased people, who made unvirtuous choices when they were alive. The inhabitants build their cities high above the ground to avoid the deadly heat emanating from the planet's core.
Fyrine IVEnemy Mine1985Film
Gamma XLes Maîtres du temps1982Animated film
Geonosis'2002FilmFormerly populated by Insectoid Geonosians, a key system in the Confederacy of Independent systems during the Clone Wars, the Specters found evidence that the Geonosians had been exterminated by the Galactic Empire. This was done in an effort to cover up the origins of the Death Star Plans.
GunsmokeTrigunManga series
HellywoodNow and Then, Here and There1999-2000Anime series-
HomeWorldwar1994-2004book seriesThe homeworld of the reptilian Race. The human designation is Tau Ceti II.
ImeckaDragonball GT1996Anime
Jakku'2015FilmIt was the location of an Observatory run by the Galactic Empire to chart a safe route through the Unknown Regions. Information provided by this facility and other Imperial sources led the First Order to the original location of Starkiller Base.
KatinaStar Fox 64 and Star Fox Assault
Video game
Kerona'1986Computer game
KharakHomeworld1999Real-time strategy video gamePlanet bombed by the Taiidan Empire
KhorosBen 102005–2008Animated TV seriesHomeworld of the Tetramands, species to which the alien Fourarms belongs
KlendathuStarship Troopers by Robert A. Heinlein, and subsequent works1959NovelHomeworld of the Arachnids
Kolarus IIIStar Trek Nemesis2002Film
KorhalStarCraft and subsequent games in the StarCraft franchise1998Real-time strategy video gameOnce-lush throne world of the Terran Dominion
Korriban'2003Computer game
M6-117Pitch Black2000FilmGas giant's moon
Marak's WorldHammerfall by C. J. Cherryh2001Novel
MotaviaPhantasy Star1987Video gameTerraformed into a forest planet in Phantasy Star II-
Ocampa'1994–1997TV seriesDevastated homeworld of Kes and the Ocampa
Osiris IVFuturama episode "A Pharaoh to Remember"2002Animated TV series
PandoraBorderlands2009Video game
PerdideLes Maîtres du temps1982Animated film
PlyukKin-dza-dza!1986Film
ResurgamRevelation Space by Alastair Reynolds2000Novel
Rock Star'2000Video Game
SaltSalt by Adam Roberts2000Novel
Sand OceanF-Zero1991Video GameFeatured in the first game as the third track of the Knight League
Socorro' adventure The Black Sands of Socorro1997Role-playing game
StarbuckGalactica 1980 episode "The Return of Starbuck"1980TV series
Tallarn and other planetsWarhammer 40,000 universeMiniature wargame
Tatooine and 1977 - 1983Film
TitaniaStar Fox 64 for Nintendo 641997Video game
Tophet'1999Animated TV series
Torga IV' episode "The Ship |The Ship"1996TV series
Toroth' episode "Desert Crossing"2002TV series
TrisolFuturama episode "My Three Suns"1999Animated TV series
Tyree' episodes "Image in the Sand" and "Shadows and Symbols"1998TV series
Unnamed planetSnare by Katharine Kerr2003Novel
Unnamed planet' episode "Arena |Arena"1967TV series
VegaSpaceballs1987FilmHome planet to Schwartz-master Yogurt
Vulcan and subsequent works in the Star Trek universe1966TV seriesHomeworld of the Vulcan race
Yulin one of the 64 warrior planets

Swamp planets

Jungle planets

Forest planet

Alphabetical list

Contains planets not found in the preceding lists.

A

Parallel Earths

These planets are identical or nearly identical to Earth physically, but have a history that differs to some degree from that of our Earth.
Some writers, scientists and artists have speculated about artificial worlds or planet-equivalents; these planets include:
Some invented planets have physically impossible shapes, and may be regarded as fantasy worlds:
These planets are not so much carefully constructed worlds as they are humorous backgrounds or gag references in various comedy shows and games: