Teachers Union


The New York City Teachers Union or "TU" was the first New York labor union for teachers, formed as "AFT Local 5" of the American Federation of Teachers, which found itself hounded throughout its history due largely to co-membership of many of its members in the Communist Party USA.

History

1910s

In 1916, the New York City Teachers Union formed. That same year, it received a charter to join the American Federation of Teachers as "AFT Local 5".
Its principal co-founders were Henry Linville and Abraham Lefkowitz recognition for teachers as professionals, 2) better salaries for teachers, 3) respect for teachers by administrators, and 4) academic freedom. Nevertheless, even New York
In 1919, AFT and TU leaders resisted the Red Scare that targeted teachers and union organizers.

1920s

In the 1920s, the TU sought to gain increases in teacher salaries and pensions, smaller sizes for classroom, tenure for teachers, and more aid from the State of New York.
In the mid-1920s, political factions appeared within the TU, of which the most prominent were communist factions.
During the 1920s, under the legal name Workers Party of America, the CPUSA became active in education. First, it addressed adult education with workers schools, focused on New York City with the New York Workers School. Concurrently, the CPUSA began a campaign to gain control of the Teachers Union.
In 1923, a "Research Study Group" formed, affiliated with the outside Educational Workers International, itself formed by the Red International of Labor Groups, in turn affiliated with the Communist International. Heading the Research Study Group was TU secretary Benjamin Mandel ; members included: Ben Davidson, Bertram Wolfe, Jacob Lind, Rachel Ragozin, Jack Hardy, Sarah Golden, Clara Reibert, Abraham Zitron, and Isidore Begun. By 1925, they had emerged as a vociferous faction with the TU. When Joseph Stalin ousted Jay Lovestone as head of the CPUSA, Lovestone's followers in the TU formed a "Progressive Group" against a "Rank and File Group" that remained loyal to the CPUSA. Progressive Group members included Mandel, Davidson, and Wolfe.

1930s

With the Great Depression, however, CPUSA membership grew, reflected in TU membership by 1932.
Another split occurred when leadership strove to keep TU membership limited to full-time public school teachers, while other members began advocating to open membership to substitute teachers, private school teachers, and teachers in the New Deal Work Projects Administration. In the 1930s during the Great Depression, the CPUSA began to make headway in its control as its members struggled internally with less leftist, more liberal fellow members of the Teachers Union.
On October 27, 1932, the TU administration choose a Committee of Five to deliberate on five members of the "Rank and File" group and one member of the "Progressive" group. In a counter-attack, the two communist factions made their own minority report on the TU's administration. On April 29, 1933, John Dewey delivered the Committee of Five's report, which called for investigation into the two groups and whether a new local might form free from communist influence. By 1935, the Committee had determined that the TU was helpless to rid itself of communist factions; it could not muster the votes needed.
By 1935, thanks in part to the "United Front" policy of the Comintern, the CPUSA gained control of the Teachers Union, which it held through 1938. The CPUSA then tried to gain control of its parent, the American Federation of Teachers. At the same time, the CPUSA tried to mobilize Teachers Union members into joined various United Front-style group, including:
  1. "Intellectual" fronts, e.g., the Jefferson School of Social Science
  2. "Friends" groups, e.g., Friends of the Soviet Union, National Council of American–Soviet Friendship
  3. "Anti-fascist" groups, e.g., American League Against War and Fascism, American Medical Bureau, Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee
  4. Special-interest groups for African-Americans, foreign-born Americans, sharecroppers, scientists
  5. "Defense" organizations, e.g., International Labor Defense
During an August 1935 national convention of the AFT, the TU administration asked for a referendum to reorganize, voted down 100 to 79. As a result, TU co-founders Linville and Lefkowitz led some 800 of some 2,000 members out of the TU to form the New York City Teachers Guild.
In 1936, leadership of the American Federation of Labor, parent of the American Federation of Teachers , recommended that the AFL revoke the TU's charter as Local 5, AFT. The AFT disregarded the AFL's recommendation.
In 1937, Abe Meeropol published the poem "Strange Fruit" under the title "Bitter Fruit" in 1937 in The New York Teacher, a union magazine of the Teachers Union.
On March 15, 1938, the Greater New York Centra Trades and Labor Council suspended to the TU's membership, while the Joint Committee of Teachers Organizations of New York City expelled the TU.

1940s

In August 1941, the AFT revoked the TU's charter as Local 5, AFT. The TU then became Local 555 of the United Public Workers, affiliate of the AFL's national rival, the Congress of Industrial Organizations.
After World War II, the Teachers Union found itself attacked by "Hearst press, the American Legion, and the rural-dominated state legislatures."

1950s

In February 1950, the CIO expelled the UPW from membership. In 1952, the TU withdrew from the UPW.

1960s

In June 1964, the TU agreed to dissolve during an annual convention.

Assessments

In his 1959 book The Communists & the Schools, Robert W. Iversen noted that the Great Depression had caused impoverished families to send their children to "free municipal colleges", where the Young Communist League of America worked to recruit them or steer them toward YCL-CPUSA-controlled fronts. Nevertheless, Iversen concluded that communists within academia "tended to be concentrated in a few areas, leaving the schools as a whole relatively unaffected." Further, their active period was largely only the 1930s and "varied widely in the degree of their commitment and involvement in the movement." During the 1940s, graduates tended to move to the suburbs and reject communism. As for the vehemence of the 1940s and 1950s attacks on the Teachers Union, Iversen ascribes such to "a bewildering web of persistent patriots who have made careers of dossier-building" at home in reaction to the spread of Communist nations abroad. Ultimately, Iversen concluded that American students were not communist "products" of indoctrination in the American school system.
In 1985, the University of the State of New York noted:
Teachers' unions, including the New York City Teachers Union, founded in 1916, and its successor in the American Federation of Teachers, worked not only to improve wages and benefits, but also to promote measures they believed would benefit schools and pupils. It was not until the 1960s, however, that teacher unions generally attained the status of collective bargaining agents.
In his 2013 book Reds at the Blackboard, Clarence Taylor distinguishes between "anti-Communist" and "revisionist" histories of the TU. He questions:
The evidence is clear that members of the TU, especially those in the Communist Party, supported Communist Party policies. But does the evidence show that the TU was a tool of the Communist Party, unconcerned with the interest of teachers, or did the union act independently of the Communist Party?
Taylor's response is that both viewpoints are "too simplistic." Instead, he argues, there is a need to appreciate the TU's advocacy for "social movement unionism," which manifested itself in the TU's alliances with unions, parents, civil rights organizations, and political parties. The TU's primary objectives were to overcome barriers to education, which include racial discrimination and poverty – in addition to higher salaries and better working conditions for teachers. Ultimately, he concludes, the TU created a "unique type of unionism that was in the forefront for civil rights and academic freedom."
In 2018, Stephen Brier assessed:
The union that later became the United Federation of Teachers would literally grow out of the shell of the older Teachers' Guild, a social-democratic split off from the more radical New York Teachers’ Union, which Communist Party activists had helped reorganize as a CIO union during the Great Depression. The early UFT, like its Teachers' Guild ancestor, succeeded, in large measure, as a result of the evisceration of the Teachers' Union, which had been expelled from the AFT in 1940 and effectively destroyed in the late 1950s amidst a swelling chorus of McCarthyite red-baiting, propagated in large part by TG leaders.
The TG and UFT helped quell the social movement unionism of the TU.

Publications

The TU published New York Teacher.

People

The TU was a client of Harold I. Cammer.

Leadership