Western Yugur or yoɣïr śoz ) is the Turkic language spoken by the Yugur people. It is contrasted with Eastern Yugur, the Mongolic language spoken within the same community. Traditionally, both languages are indicated by the term "Yellow Uygur", from the endonym of the Yugur. There are approximately 4,600 Turkic-speaking Yugurs.
Classification
Besides similarities with Uyghuric languages, Western Yugur also shares a number of features, mainly archaisms, with several of the Northeastern Turkic languages, but it is not closer to any one of them in particular. Neither Western nor Eastern Yugur are mutually intelligible with Uyghur. Western Yugur also contains archaisms which are attested in neither modern Uyghuric nor Siberian, such as its anticipating counting system coinciding with Old Uyghur, and its copuladro, which originated from Old Uyghur but substitutes the Uyghur copulative personal suffixes.
West Yugur has 28 native consonants and two more found only in loan words.
Vowels
Western Yugur has eight vowel phonemes typical of many Turkic languages, which are.
Diachronical processes
Several sound changes affected Western Yugur phonology while evolving from its original Common Turkic form, the most prolific being:
Vowels
High vowels were delabialized in non-initial syllables: CT *tütün > *tütin > WYu tuʰtïn "to smoke", CT *altun > *altïn > WYu aʰltïm "gold"
CT *u was lowered to WYu o in some words, most commonly around velars and r: CT *burun > WYu pʰorn "before, front"
All high vowels were merged - as front vowels in palatal contexts, and as back otherwise: CT *üčün > WYu utɕin "with, using", CT *yïlan > WYu yilan "snake"
* This had several consequences:
*# It made the Common Turkic allophonic difference between *k and *q phonemic.
*# Vowel harmonic class of resulting words was thus determined lexically in Western Yugur.
*# Former vowel harmonic suffixes with high vowels became invariable: CT: *-Ki/*-Kï > WYu -Kï "attributive noun suffix"
Front vowels *ä, *e, *ö were raised to *i, *ü except before *r, *l, *ŋ and *g: CT *ärän > WYu erin "man", CT *kȫk > WYu kük, CT *-lar/*-lär > WYu -lar/-lir "plural suffix"
CT *ay is reflected as WYu ey~e in the initial syllable and as i'' otherwise.
In the initial syllable exclusively, short vowels acquire pre-aspiration of the following consonant, length distinction is otherwise lost.
Consonants
As in most Turkic language, initial *b was assimilated to *m in words containing nasals.
Initial plosives and affricates, CT *b, *t, *k, *g, *č, are all reflected as voiceless with unpredictable aspiration: CT *temir > WYu temïr, CT *bog- > WYu pʰoɣ- "to tie with a rope"
Labials are merged into *w intervocally and after liquids which later in some cases forms diphthongs or get elided: CT *yubaš > WYu yüwaʂ "calm", CT *harpa > WYu harwa "barley"
Dental and velar voiceless plosives are preserved in most positions, with aspiration occurring almost exclusively in the initial position.
CT *g is spirantized into ɣ and CT *d into z.
With some exceptions, CT *š develops into s: CT *tāš > WYu tas "stone"
CT *z is preserved, except for devoicing when final in polysyllabic words: CT *otuz > WYu oʰtïs "thirty"
CT *č generally becomes WYu š in syllable codas.
CT *ñ develops into WYu y; initial CT *y- is mostly preserved; CT *h- is seemingly preserved in some words but the extent to which WYu h- corresponds to it is unclear.
Vocabulary
Western Yugur is the only Turkic language that preserved the anticipating counting system, known from Old Turkic. For centuries, the Western Yugur language has been in contact with Mongolic languages, Tibetan, and Chinese, and as a result has adopted a large amount of loanwords from these languages, as well as grammatical features. Chinese dialects neighboring the areas where Yugur is spoken have influenced the Yugur language, giving it loanwords.
