Anticausative verb


An anticausative verb is an intransitive verb that shows an event affecting its subject, while giving no semantic or syntactic indication of the cause of the event. The single argument of the anticausative verb is a patient, that is, what undergoes an action. One can assume that there is a cause or an agent of causation, but the syntactic structure of the anticausative makes it unnatural or impossible to refer to it directly. Examples of anticausative verbs are break, sink, move, etc.
Anticausative verbs are a subset of unaccusative verbs. Although the terms are generally synonymous, some unaccusative verbs are more obviously anticausative, while others are not; it depends on whether causation is defined as having to do with an animate volitional agent.
A distinction must be made between anticausative and autocausative verbs. A verb is anticausative if the agent is unspecified but assumed to be external, and it is autocausative if the agent is the same as the patient. Many Indo-European languages lack separate morphological markings for these two classes, and the correct class needs to be derived from context:

English

In English, many anticausatives are of the class of "alternating ambitransitive verbs", where the alternation between transitive and intransitive forms produces a change of the position of the patient role. This phenomenon is called causative alternation. For example:
Passive voice is not an anticausative construction. In passive voice, the agent of causation is demoted from its position as a core argument, but it can optionally be re-introduced using an adjunct. In the examples above, The window was broken, The ship was sunk would clearly indicate causation, though without making it explicit.

Romance languages

In the Romance languages, many anticausative verbs are formed through a pseudo-reflexive construction, using a clitic pronoun applied on a transitive verb. For example :
Another example in French:
In the Slavic languages, the use is essentially the same as in the Romance languages. For example :
In East Slavic languages, the pronoun se becomes suffixes sya.
The suffix "sya" has a large number of uses and does not necessarily denote anticausativity. However, in most cases it denotes either passive voice or one of the subclasses of reflexivity
There is a class of verbs which only exist in this reflexive form. These are commonly anticausative or autocausative, and commonly refer to emotions, behavior, or factors outside one's control.
In addition, a verb may be put into an unaccusative/anticausative form by forming an impersonal sentence, with the verb typically either in its past tense neuter form, or in its present tense third person form:
Here as well there is a of "impersonal verbs", which only exist in this impersonal form:
In the Arabic language the form VII has the anticausative meaning.
also abounds in such verbs. A very large number of antiaccusative verbs are used in it.
In Standard Japanese, productive morphology highly favors transitivization, in the sense that it has productive causitivization, but no anticausitivization. In the Hokkaido dialects and Northern Tōhoku dialect, however, the anticausative morpheme /rasar/ is employed with some verbs, such as maku 'to roll', tsumu 'to load', and okuru 'to send' as a means of producing an intransitive verb from a transitive verb.

Bardi

is an Australian Aboriginal language in the Nyulnyulan family which uses the root -jiidi- 'go' to denote anticausatives as part of complex predicate constructions. For example, whereas one might causatively 'close' a door with the following construction:
a door might 'close' with the following construction
In the underived construction, the light verb -ma- "put" is used with a coverb boonda 'close'. In the anti-causative construction, the light verb reduces the valency of the predicate and the item which is closed becomes the subject. This is a regular alternation among complex predicates.