List of state leaders in 1991

[African diaspora]

• '
• *President - Chadli Bendjedid, President of Algeria
• *Prime Minister -
• *#Mouloud Hamrouche, Prime Minister of Algeria
• *#Sid Ahmed Ghozali, Prime Minister of Algeria
• Angola
• * Communist Party Leader - José Eduardo dos Santos, Secretary of the Popular Liberation Movement of Angola-Labor Party
• *President - José Eduardo dos Santos, President of Angola
• *Prime Minister - Fernando José de França Dias Van-Dúnem, Prime Minister of Angola
• '
• *President -
• *#Mathieu Kérékou, President of Benin
• *#Nicéphore Soglo, President of Benin
• '
• *President - Sir Quett Masire, President of Botswana
• '
• *Head of state - Blaise Compaoré, Head of State of Burkina Faso
• '
• *President - Pierre Buyoya, President of Burundi
• *Prime Minister - Adrien Sibomana, Prime Minister of Burundi
• '
• *President - Paul Biya, President of Cameroon
• *Prime Minister - Sadou Hayatou, Prime Minister of Cameroon
• '
• *President -
• *#Aristides Pereira, President of Cape Verde
• *#António Mascarenhas Monteiro, President of Cape Verde
• *Prime Minister -
• *#Pedro Pires, Prime Minister of Cape Verde
• *#Carlos Veiga, Prime Minister of Cape Verde
• '
• *President - André Kolingba, President of the Central African Republic
• *Prime Minister - Édouard Frank, Prime Minister of the Central African Republic
• '
• *President - Idriss Déby, President of Chad
• *Prime Minister - Jean Alingué Bawoyeu, Prime Minister of Chad
• '
• *President - Said Mohamed Djohar, President of the Comoros
• → Congo -
• * Communist Party Leader - Denis Sassou Nguesso, Chairman of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Congolese Labor Party
• *President - Denis Sassou Nguesso, President of Congo
• *Prime Minister -
• *# Pierre Moussa, Acting Prime Minister of Congo
• *# Louis Sylvain Goma, Prime Minister of Congo
• *# André Milongo, Prime Minister of Congo
• '
• *President - Félix Houphouët-Boigny, President of Côte d'Ivoire
• *Prime Minister - Alassane Ouattara, Prime Minister of Côte d'Ivoire
• '
• *President - Hassan Gouled Aptidon, President of Djibouti
• *Prime Minister - Barkat Gourad Hamadou, Prime Minister of Djibouti
• '
• *President - Hosni Mubarak, President of Egypt
• *Prime Minister - Atef Sedky, Prime Minister of Egypt
• '
• *President - Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, President of Equatorial Guinea
• *Prime Minister - Cristino Seriche Bioko, Prime Minister of Equatorial Guinea
• → '
• *the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia changed into Ethiopia on 27 May 1991
• * Communist Party Leader - Mengistu Haile Mariam, General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Ethiopia
• *President -
• *#Mengistu Haile Mariam, President of Ethiopia
• *#Tesfaye Gebre Kidan, Acting President of Ethiopia
• *#Meles Zenawi, Interim President of Ethiopia
• *Prime Minister -
• *#Hailu Yimenu, Acting Prime Minister of Ethiopia
• *#Tesfaye Dinka, Acting Prime Minister of Ethiopia
• *#Tamirat Layne, Acting Prime Minister of Ethiopia
• * Eritrea
• **Head of government - Isaias Afewerki, Secretary-general of the Provisional Government of Eritrea
• '
• *President - Omar Bongo, President of Gabon
• *Prime Minister - Casimir Oyé-Mba, Prime Minister of Gabon
• '
• *President - Sir Dawda Jawara, President of The Gambia
• '
• *Head of State - Jerry Rawlings, Chairman of the Provisional National Defence Council of Ghana
• '
• *President - Lansana Conté, President of Guinea
• '
• *Head of State - João Bernardo Vieira, Chairman of the Council of State of Guinea-Bissau
• *Prime Minister - Carlos Correia, Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau
• '
• *President - Daniel arap Moi, President of Kenya
• '
• *Monarch - Letsie III, King of Lesotho
• *Head of government -
• *#Justin Lekhanya, Chairman of the Military Council of Lesotho
• *#Elias Phisoana Ramaema, Chairman of the Military Council of Lesotho
• '
• *Head of State - Amos Sawyer, President of the Interim Government of National Unity of Liberia
• Libya
• *De facto Head of State - Muammar Gaddafi, Guide of the Revolution of Libya
• *Nominal Head of State - Abdul Razzaq as-Sawsa, General Secretary of the General People's Congress of Libya
• *Head of Government - Abuzed Omar Dorda, General Secretary of the General People's Committee of Libya
• Madagascar
• *President - Didier Ratsiraka, President of Madagascar
• *Prime Minister -
• *#Victor Ramahatra, Prime Minister of Madagascar
• *#Guy Razanamasy, Prime Minister of Madagascar
• '
• *President - Hastings Banda, President for Life of Malawi
• '
• *Head of State -
• *#Moussa Traoré, President of Mali
• *#Amadou Toumani Touré, Chairman of the Transitional Committee for the Salvation of the People of Mali
• *Prime Minister - Soumana Sacko, Prime Minister of Mali
• '
• * Head of State - Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, Head of State of Mauritania
• *Prime Minister - Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, Prime Minister of Mauritania
• Mauritius
• *Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Mauritius
• *Governor-General - Sir Veerasamy Ringadoo, Governor-General of Mauritius
• *Prime Minister - Sir Anerood Jugnauth, Prime Minister of Mauritius
• * Prefect - Jean-Paul Coste, Prefect of Mayotte
• * President of the General Council -
• *# Younoussa Bamana, President of the General Council of Mayotte
• *# Hamissi Hassane, President of the General Council of Mayotte
• *# Younoussa Bamana, President of the General Council of Mayotte
• '
• *Monarch - Hassan II, King of Morocco
• *Prime Minister - Azzeddine Laraki, Prime Minister of Morocco
• * Western Sahara
• **President - Mohamed Abdelaziz, President of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
• **Prime Minister - Mahfoud Ali Beiba, Prime Minister of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
• '
• *President - Joaquim Chissano, President of Mozambique
• *Prime Minister - Mário da Graça Machungo, Prime Minister of Mozambique
• '
• *President - Sam Nujoma, President of Namibia
• *Prime Minister - Hage Geingob, Prime Minister of Namibia
• '
• *President - Ali Saibou, President of Niger
• *Prime Minister -
• *#Aliou Mahamidou, Prime Minister of Niger
• *#Amadou Cheiffou, Prime Minister of Niger
• '
• *Head of State - Ibrahim Babangida, President of the Armed Forces Ruling Council of Nigeria
• '
• *President - Juvénal Habyarimana, President of Rwanda
• *Prime Minister - Sylvestre Nsanzimana, Prime Minister of Rwanda
• * Governor -
• *# Robert F Stimson, Governor of Saint Helena
• *# Alan Hoole, Governor of Saint Helena
• '
• *President -
• *#Manuel Pinto da Costa, President of São Tomé and Príncipe
• *#Leonel Mário d'Alva, Interim Head of State of São Tomé and Príncipe
• *#Miguel Trovoada, President of São Tomé and Príncipe
• *Prime Minister -
• *#Celestino Rocha da Costa, Prime Minister of São Tomé and Príncipe
• *#Daniel Daio, Prime Minister of São Tomé and Príncipe
• '
• *President - Abdou Diouf, President of Senegal
• *Prime Minister - Habib Thiam, Prime Minister of Senegal
• '
• *President - France-Albert René, President of Seychelles
• '
• *President - Joseph Saidu Momoh, President of Sierra Leone
• '
• *Somali Democratic Republic superseded by the Somali Republic on 21 July 1991
• * Communist Party Leader - Siad Barre, Secretary-general of the Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party
• *President -
• *#Siad Barre, President of Somalia
• *#Ali Mahdi Muhammad, Interim President of Somalia
• *Prime Minister -
• *#Muhammad Hawadle Madar, Prime Minister of Somalia
• *#Umar Arteh Ghalib, Prime Minister of Somalia
• *
• **declared independence on 24 May 1991
• **President - Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur, President of Somaliland
• '
• *President - F. W. de Klerk, State President of South Africa
• * Bophuthatswana
• **President - Lucas Mangope, President of Bophuthatswana
• * Ciskei
• **Head of State - Oupa Gqozo, Chairman of the Military Committee and of the Council of State of Ciskei
• * Transkei
• **President - Tutor Nyangelizwe Vulindlela Ndamase, President of Transkei
• **Prime Minister - Bantu Holomisa, Prime Minister of Transkei
• * Venda
• **President - Gabriel Ramushwana, President of Venda
• '
• *Head of State - Omar al-Bashir, Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation of Sudan
• '
• *Monarch - Mswati III, King of Swaziland
• *Prime Minister - Obed Dlamini, Prime Minister of Swaziland
• '
• *President - Ali Hassan Mwinyi, President of Tanzania
• *Prime Minister - John Malecela, Prime Minister of Tanzania
• '
• *President - Gnassingbé Eyadéma, President of Togo
• *Prime Minister - Joseph Kokou Koffigoh, Prime Minister of Togo
• '
• *President - Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, President of Tunisia
• *Prime Minister - Hamed Karoui, Prime Minister of Tunisia
• '
• *President - Yoweri Museveni, President of Uganda
• *Prime Minister -
• *#Samson Kisekka, Prime Minister of Uganda
• *#George Cosmas Adyebo, Prime Minister of Uganda
• '
• *President - Mobutu Sese Seko, President of Zaire
• *Head of government -
• *#Lunda Bululu, First State Commissioner of Zaire
• *#Mulumba Lukoji, First State Commissioner of Zaire
• *#Étienne Tshisekedi, First State Commissioner of Zaire
• *#Bernardin Mungul Diaka, First State Commissioner of Zaire
• *#Jean Nguza Karl-i-Bond, First State Commissioner of Zaire
• '
• *President -
• *#Kenneth Kaunda, President of Zambia
• *#Frederick Chiluba, President of Zambia
• *Prime Minister - Malimba Masheke, Prime Minister of Zambia
• -
• *President - Robert Mugabe, President of Zimbabwe

  Asia

• Afghanistan
• *President - Mohammad Najibullah, President of Afghanistan
• *Prime Minister - Fazal Haq Khaliqyar, Prime Minister of Afghanistan
• Bahrain
• *Monarch - Sheikh Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa, Emir of Bahrain
• * Prime Minister - Sheikh Khalifa ibn Salman Al Khalifa, Prime Minister of Bahrain
• '
• *President -
• *#Shahabuddin Ahmed, Acting President of Bangladesh
• *#Abdur Rahman Biswas, President of Bangladesh
• *Prime Minister - Khaleda Zia, Prime Minister of Bangladesh
• '
• *Monarch - Jigme Singye Wangchuck, King of Bhutan
• '
• * Monarch - Hassanal Bolkiah, Sultan of Brunei
• * Prime Minister - Hassanal Bolkiah, Prime Minister of Brunei
• '
• * Communist Party Leader - Heng Samrin, Secretary-General of the Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party
• *Chairman of the Council of State - Heng Samrin, Chairman of the Council of State of Cambodia
• *Chairman of the Supreme National Council - Norodom Sihanouk, Chairman of the Supreme National Council of Cambodia
• *Premier - Hun Sen, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Cambodia
• '
• * De facto leader - Deng Xiaoping, Paramount leader
• *Communist Party Leader - Jiang Zemin, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China
• *President - Yang Shangkun, President of China
• *Premier - Li Peng, Premier of the State Council of China
• Hong Kong
• * Governor - Sir David Wilson, Governor of Hong Kong
• '
• *President - R. Venkataraman, President of India
• *Prime Minister -
• *#Chandra Shekhar, Prime Minister of India
• *#P. V. Narasimha Rao, Prime Minister of India
• '
• *President - Suharto, President of Indonesia
• '
• *Supreme Leader - Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, Supreme Leader of Iran
• *President - Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, President of Iran
• → Iraq
• *President - Saddam Hussein, President of Iraq
• *Prime Minister -
• *#Saddam Hussein, Prime Minister of Iraq
• *#Sa'dun Hammadi, Prime Minister of Iraq
• *#Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi, Prime Minister of Iraq
• '
• *President - Chaim Herzog, President of Israel
• *Prime Minister - Yitzhak Shamir, Prime Minister of Israel
• '
• *Monarch - Akihito, Emperor of Japan
• *Prime Minister -
• *#Toshiki Kaifu, Prime Minister of Japan
• *#Kiichi Miyazawa, Prime Minister of Japan
• '
• *Monarch - Hussein, King of Jordan
• *Prime Minister -
• *#Mudar Badran, Prime Minister of Jordan
• *#Taher al-Masri, Prime Minister of Jordan
• *#Zaid ibn Shaker, Prime Minister of Jordan
• Kazakhstan
• *the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic declared independence on 16 December 1991
• *Communist Party Leader - Nursultan Nazarbayev, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan
• *President - Nursultan Nazarbayev, President of Kazakhstan
• *Prime Minister -
• *# Uzakbay Karamanov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR
• *# Sergey Tereshchenko, Prime Minister of Kazakhstan
• North Korea
• * Communist Party Leader - Kim Il-sung, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Korean Workers' Party
• *President - Kim Il-sung, President of North Korea
• *Premier - Yon Hyong-muk, Premier of the Council of Ministers of North Korea
• '
• *President - Roh Tae-woo, President of South Korea
• *Prime Minister -
• *#Roh Jae-bong, Prime Minister of South Korea
• *#Chung Won-shik, Prime Minister of South Korea
• ' -
• *Kuwait Governorate regained its independence on 26 February 1991
• * Governor -
• *# Ali Hassan al-Majid, Governor of Kuwait
• *# Aziz Saleh Nuhmah, Governor of Kuwait
• * Monarch - Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, Emir of Kuwait
• * Prime Minister - Sheikh Saad Al-Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah, Prime Minister of Kuwait
• Kyrgyzstan
• *the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic declared independence on 31 August 1991
• *Communist Party Leader -
• *# Absamat Masaliyev, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kirghizia
• *# Jumgalbek Amanbayev, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kirghizia
• *President - Askar Akayev, President of Kyrgyzstan
• *Prime Minister -
• *#Apas Jumagulov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Kirghiz SSR
• *#Nasirdin Isanov, Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan
• *#Andrei Iordan, Acting Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan
• '
• * Communist Party Leader - Kaysone Phomvihane, General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party
• *President -
• *#Souphanouvong, President of Laos
• *#Phoumi Vongvichit, Acting President of Laos
• *#Kaysone Phomvihane, President of Laos
• *Premier -
• *#Kaysone Phomvihane, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Laos
• *#Khamtai Siphandon, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Laos
• '
• *President - Elias Hrawi, President of Lebanon
• *Prime Minister - Omar Karami, President of the Council of Ministers of Lebanon
• Macau
• * Governor -
• *# Francisco Murteira Nabo, Acting Governor of Macau
• *# Vasco Joaquim Rocha Vieira, Governor of Macau
• '
• *Monarch - Sultan Azlan Shah, Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia
• * Prime Minister - Mahathir Mohamad, Prime Minister of Malaysia
• '
• *President - Maumoon Abdul Gayoom, President of the Maldives
• Mongolia -
• *President - Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat, President of Mongolia
• *Prime Minister - Dashiin Byambasüren, Prime Minister of Mongolia
• '
• *Head of State - Saw Maung, Chairman of the State Law and Order Restoration Council of Myanmar
• *Prime Minister - Saw Maung, Prime Minister of Myanmar
• Nepal
• *Monarch - Birendra, King of Nepal
• *Prime Minister -
• *#Krishna Prasad Bhattarai, Prime Minister of Nepal
• *#Girija Prasad Koirala, Prime Minister of Nepal
• '
• *Monarch - Qaboos bin Said al Said, Sultan of Oman
• *Prime Minister - Qaboos bin Said al Said, Prime Minister of Oman
• '
• *President - Ghulam Ishaq Khan, President of Pakistan
• *Prime Minister - Nawaz Sharif, Prime Minister of Pakistan
• '
• *President - Corazon Aquino, President of the Philippines
• '
• *Monarch - Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani, Emir of Qatar
• *Prime Minister - Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani, Prime Minister of Qatar
• '
• *Monarch - Fahd, King of Saudi Arabia
• *Prime Minister - Fahd, Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia
• '
• *President - Wee Kim Wee, President of Singapore
• *Prime Minister - Goh Chok Tong, Prime Minister of Singapore
• '
• *President - Ranasinghe Premadasa, President of Sri Lanka
• *Prime Minister - Dingiri Banda Wijetunga, Prime Minister of Sri Lanka
• '
• *President - Hafez al-Assad, President of Syria
• *Prime Minister - Mahmoud Zuabi, Prime Minister of Syria
• '
• *President - Lee Teng-hui, President of Taiwan
• *Premier - Hau Pei-tsun, President of the Executive Yuan of Taiwan
• Tajikistan
• *the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic declared independence on 9 September 1991
• *Communist Party Leader - Qahhor Mahkamov, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Tajikistan
• *President -
• *# Qahhor Mahkamov, President of the Tajik SSR
• *# Qadriddin Aslonov, Acting President of Tajikistan
• *# Rahmon Nabiyev, President of Tajikistan
• *# Akbarsho Iskandrov, Acting President of Tajikistan
• *# Rahmon Nabiyev, President of Tajikistan
• *Prime Minister - Izatullo Khayoyev, Prime Minister of Tajikistan
• Thailand
• *Monarch - Bhumibol Adulyadej, King of Thailand
• *Prime Minister -
• *#Chatichai Choonhavan, Prime Minister of Thailand
• *#Sunthorn Kongsompong, Chairman of the National Peace Keeping Council of Thailand
• *#Anand Panyarachun, Prime Minister of Thailand
• '
• *President - Turgut Özal, President of Turkey
• *Prime Minister -
• *#Yıldırım Akbulut, Prime Minister of Turkey
• *#Mesut Yılmaz, Prime Minister of Turkey
• *#Süleyman Demirel, Prime Minister of Turkey
• Turkmenistan
• *the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic declared independence on 27 October 1991
• *Communist Party Leader - Saparmurat Niyazov, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Turkmenistan
• *President - Saparmurat Niyazov, President of Turkmenistan
• *Premier - Han Ahmedow, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Turkmenistan
• '
• * President - Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, President of the United Arab Emirates
• * Prime Minister - Sheikh Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates
• → '
• *the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic declared independence on 31 August 1991
• *Communist Party Leader - Islam Karimov, First secretary of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan
• *President - Islam Karimov, President of Uzbekistan
• '
• *Communist Party Leader -
• *#Nguyễn Văn Linh, General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam
• *#Đỗ Mười, General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam
• *Head of State - Võ Chí Công, Chairman of the State Council of Vietnam
• *Premier -
• *#Đỗ Mười, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Vietnam
• *#Võ Văn Kiệt, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Vietnam
• '
• * President - Ali Abdullah Saleh, Chairman of the Presidential Council of Yemen
• *Prime Minister - Haidar Abu Bakr al-Attas, Prime Minister of Yemen

  Europe

• '
• *the Socialist People's Republic of Albania changed into the Republic of Albania on 30 April 1991
• *Communist Party leader - Ramiz Alia, First Secretary of the Albanian Party of Labour
• *President - Ramiz Alia, President of Albania
• *Prime Minister -
• *#Adil Çarçani, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Albania
• *#Fatos Nano, Prime Minister of Albania
• *#Ylli Bufi, Prime Minister of Albania
• *#Vilson Ahmeti, Prime Minister of Albania
• '
• *Monarchs -
• ** French Co-Prince - François Mitterrand, French Co-Prince of Andorra
• ***Co-Prince's Representative - Jean-Pierre Courtois
• **Episcopal Co-Prince - Joan Martí i Alanis, Episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra
• ***Co-Prince's Representative - Francesc Badia i Batalla
• *Prime Minister - Òscar Ribas Reig, Head of Government of Andorra
• → '
• *the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic declared independence on 23 September 1991
• *Communist Party Leader -
• *# Stepan Pogosyan, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Armenia
• *# Aram Gaspar Sargsyan, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Armenia
• *President - Levon Ter-Petrosyan, President of Armenia
• *Prime Minister -
• *# Vazgen Manukyan, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Armenian SSR
• *# Hrant Bagratyan, Prime Minister of Armenia
• *# Gagik Harutyunyan, Prime Minister of Armenia
• '
• *President - Kurt Waldheim, Federal President of Austria
• *Chancellor - Franz Vranitzky, Federal Chancellor of Austria
• → '
• *the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic declared independence on 30 August 1991
• *Communist Party Leader - Ayaz Mutallibov, First Secretary of the Azerbaijan Communist Party
• *President - Ayaz Mutallibov, President of Azerbaijan
• *Prime Minister - Hasan Hasanov, Prime Minister of Azerbaijan
• → '
• *the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic declared independence on 25 August 1991
• *Communist Party Leader - Anatoly Malofeyev, First secretary of the Byelorussian Communist Party
• *Head of State -
• *# Mikalay Dzyemyantsyey, Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Byelorussian SSR
• *# Stanislav Shushkevich, Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Belarus
• *Premier - Vyacheslav Kebich, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Belarus
• '
• * Monarch - Baudouin, King of the Belgians
• *Prime minister - Wilfried Martens, Prime Minister of Belgium
• '
• *President - Zhelyu Zhelev, President of Bulgaria
• *Prime minister -
• *#Dimitar Popov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bulgaria
• *#Philip Dimitrov, Prime Minister of Bulgaria
• '
• *Republic of Croatia declared independence on 25 June 1991
• *President - Franjo Tuđman, President of Croatia
• *Prime minister -
• *# Josip Manolić, Prime Minister of Croatia
• *# Franjo Gregurić, Prime Minister of Croatia
• * Serbian Krajina
• **declared independence on 19 December 1991
• ** President - Milan Babić, President of Serbian Krajina
• ** Prime Minister - Dusan Vještica, Prime Minister of Serbian Krajina
• '
• *President - George Vasiliou, President of Cyprus
• *
• **President - Rauf Denktaş, President of Northern Cyprus
• **Prime Minister - Derviş Eroğlu, Prime Minister of Northern Cyprus
• '
• *President - Václav Havel, President of the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic
• *Prime Minister - Marián Čalfa, Prime Minister of the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic
• Denmark
• *Monarch - Margrethe II, Queen of Denmark
• *Prime Minister - Poul Schlüter, Prime Minister of Denmark
• '
• *The Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic changed its name to the Republic of Estonia on May 8, 1990 and declared independence on 20 August 1991, thus the exiled Republic of Estonia regained control over their national territory. This was recognized by the Soviet Union on 6 September 1991
• *Communist Party Leader - Vaino Väljas, Chairman of the Estonian Communist Party
• *Head of State - Arnold Rüütel, Chairman of the Supreme Council of Estonia
• *Prime Minister - Edgar Savisaar, Prime Minister of the Interim Government of Estonia
• '
• *President - Mauno Koivisto, President of Finland
• *Prime Minister -
• *#Harri Holkeri, Prime Minister of Finland,
• *#Esko Aho, Prime Minister of Finland,
• France
• *President - François Mitterrand, President of France
• *Prime Minister -
• *#Michel Rocard, Prime Minister of France
• *#Édith Cresson, Prime Minister of France
• '
• *the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic declared independence on 9 April 1991
• *Communist Party Leader -
• *# Avtandil Margiani, First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party
• *# Jemal Mikeladze, First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party
• *President - Zviad Gamsakhurdia, President of Georgia
• *Prime Minister -
• *# Tengiz Sigua, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Georgian SSR
• *# Murman Omanidze, Acting Prime Minister of Georgia
• *# Bessarion Gugushvili, Prime Minister of Georgia
• *
• **the former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast declared independence on 28 November 1991
• ** Head of State -
• **# Znaur Gassiyev, Chairman of the Supreme Council of South Ossetia
• **# Torez Kulumbegov, Chairman of the Supreme Council of South Ossetia
• ** Prime Minister - Oleg Teziev, Prime Minister of South Ossetia
• Germany
• *President - Richard von Weizsäcker, Federal President of Germany
• *Chancellor - Helmut Kohl, Federal Chancellor of Germany
• '
• *President - Konstantinos Karamanlis, President of Greece
• *Prime Minister - Konstantinos Mitsotakis, Prime Minister of Greece
• '
• *President - Árpád Göncz, President of Hungary
• *Prime Minister - József Antall, Prime Minister of Hungary
• '
• *President - Vigdís Finnbogadóttir, President of Iceland
• *Prime Minister -
• *#Steingrímur Hermannsson, Prime Minister of Iceland
• *#Davíð Oddsson, Prime Minister of Iceland
• '
• *President - Mary Robinson, President of Ireland
• *Prime Minister - Charles Haughey, Taoiseach of Ireland
• '
• *President - Francesco Cossiga, President of Italy
• *Prime Minister - Giulio Andreotti, President of the Council of Ministers of Italy
• '
• *the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic declared independence on 21 August which was recognized by the Soviet Union on 6 September 1991
• *Communist Party Leader - Alfrēds Rubiks, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Latvia
• *Head of State - Anatolijs Gorbunovs, Chairman of the Supreme Council of Latvia
• *Prime Minister - Ivars Godmanis, Prime Minister of Latvia
• '
• *Monarch - Hans-Adam II, Prince Regnant of Liechtenstein
• *Prime Minister - Hans Brunhart, Head of Government of Liechtenstein
• '
• *the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic's independence, declared on 11 March 1990, was recognized by the Soviet Union on 6 September 1991
• *Communist Party Leader - Mykolas Burokevičius, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Lithuania
• *Head of State - Vytautas Landsbergis, Chairman of the Supreme Council of Lithuania
• *Prime Minister -
• *#Kazimira Prunskienė, Prime Minister of Lithuania
• *#Albertas Šimėnas, Prime Minister of Lithuania
• *#Gediminas Vagnorius, Prime Minister of Lithuania
• '
• *Monarch - Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg
• *Prime Minister - Jacques Santer, Prime Minister of Luxembourg
• Macedonia
• *the Socialist Republic of Macedonia declared independence on 18 September 1991
• *Communist Party leader - Petar Gošev, Secretary of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Macedonia
• *President -
• *# Vladimir Mitkov, President of the Presidency of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia
• *# Kiro Gligorov, President of Macedonia
• *Prime Minister -
• *# Gligorije Gogovski, Chairman of the Executive Council of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia
• *# Nikola Kljusev, President of the Government of Macedonia
• '
• *President - Ċensu Tabone, President of Malta
• *Prime Minister - Eddie Fenech Adami, Prime Minister of Malta
• '
• *the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic declared independence on 27 August 1991
• *Communist Party Leader -
• *# Petru Lucinschi, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Moldova
• *# Grigore Eremei, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Moldova
• *President - Mircea Snegur, President of Moldova
• *Prime Minister -
• *# Mircea Druc, Prime Minister of the Moldavian SSR
• *# Valeriu Muravschi, Prime Minister of Moldova
• *
• ** President - Stepan Topal, President of Gagauzia
• *
• **the unrecognized Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic declared independence on 25 August 1991
• ** President -
• *** Igor Smirnov, Chairman of the Republic of Transnistria
• *** Andrey Manoylov, Acting Chairman of the Republic of Transnistria
• '
• *Monarch - Rainier III, Sovereign Prince of Monaco
• *Head of Government -
• *#Jean Ausseil, Minister of State of Monaco
• *#Jaques Dupont, Minister of State of Monaco
• '
• *Monarch - Beatrix, Queen of the Netherlands
• *
• **Prime Minister - Ruud Lubbers, Prime Minister of the Netherlands
• *
• **see under North America
• *
• **see under North America
• '
• *Monarch -
• *#Olav V, King of Norway
• *#Harald V, King of Norway
• *Regent - Crown Prince Harald, Regent of Norway
• *Prime Minister - Gro Harlem Brundtland, Prime Minister of Norway
• '
• *President - Lech Wałęsa, President of Poland
• *Premier -
• *#Tadeusz Mazowiecki, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Poland
• *#Jan Krzysztof Bielecki, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Poland
• *#Jan Olszewski, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Poland
• '
• *President - Mário Soares, President of Portugal
• *Prime Minister - Aníbal Cavaco Silva, Prime Minister of Portugal
• '
• *President - Ion Iliescu, President of Romania
• *Prime Minister -
• *#Petre Roman, Prime Minister of Romania
• *#Theodor Stolojan, Prime Minister of Romania
• → '
• *the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic formally became independent upon the dissolution of the Soviet Union on 25 December 1991
• *President - Boris Yeltsin, President of Russia
• *Prime Minister -
• *# Ivan Silayev, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Russian SFSR
• *# Oleg Lobov, Acting Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Russian SFSR
• *# Boris Yeltsin, Chairman of the Government of Russia
• *
• **the Chechen part of the Chechen–Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic declared its independence on 1 November 1991
• **President - Dzhokhar Dudayev, President of Ichkeria
• **Prime Minister – Dzhokhar Dudayev, Prime Minister of Ichkeria
• '
• *Captains Regent -
• #Cesare Gasperoni and Roberto Bucci, Captains Regent of San Marino
• #Domenico Bernardini and Claudio Podeschi, Captains Regent of San Marino
• #Edda Ceccoli and Marino Riccardi, Captains Regent of San Marino
• → '
• *Republic of Slovenia declared independence on 25 June 1991
• *President - Milan Kučan, President of Slovenia
• *Prime Minister - Lojze Peterle, Prime Minister of Slovenia
• '
• *dissolved on 25 December 1991
• *Communist Party leader -
• *# Mikhail Gorbachev, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
• *# Vladimir Ivashko, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
• *President - Mikhail Gorbachev, President of the Soviet Union
• *Prime Minister -
• *#Nikolai Ryzhkov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union
• *#Valentin Pavlov, Prime Minister of the Soviet Union
• *#Ivan Silayev, Prime Minister of the Soviet Union
• '
• *Monarch - Juan Carlos I, King of Spain
• *Prime Minister - Felipe González, President of the Government of Spain
• '
• *Monarch - Carl XVI Gustaf, King of Sweden
• *Prime Minister -
• *#Ingvar Carlsson, Prime Minister of Sweden
• *#Carl Bildt, Prime Minister of Sweden
• '
• *Federal Council:
• *: Otto Stich, Jean-Pascal Delamuraz, Arnold Koller, Flavio Cotti, René Felber, Adolf Ogi, Kaspar Villiger
• → '
• *the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic declared independence on 24 August 1991
• *Communist Party Leader - Stanislav Hurenko, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine
• *President - Leonid Kravchuk, President of Ukraine
• *Prime Minister - Vitold Fokin, Prime Minister of Ukraine
• '
• *Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom
• *Prime Minister - John Major, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
• *
• ** Lieutenant-Governor - Sir Michael Wilkins, Lieutenant-Governor of Guernsey
• ** Bailiff - Sir Charles Frossard, Bailiff of Guernsey
• *
• ** Lieutenant-Governor - Sir John Sutton, Lieutenant-Governor of Jersey
• ** Bailiff - Sir Peter Crill, Bailiff of Jersey
• *
• ** Lieutenant Governor - Sir Laurence Jones, Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man
• ** Chief minister - Miles Walker, Chief Minister of the Isle of Man
• *
• ** Governor - Sir Derek Reffell, Governor of Gibraltar
• ** Chief Minister - Joe Bossano, Chief Minister of Gibraltar
• '
• * Monarch - Pope John Paul II, Sovereign of Vatican City
• * President of the Governorate - Cardinal Rosalio Lara, President of the Governorate of Vatican City
• *Holy See
• ** Secretary of State - Cardinal Angelo Sodano, Cardinal Secretary of State
• '
• *Head of State -
• *#Borisav Jović, Chairman of the Presidency of Yugoslavia
• *#Stjepan Mesić, Chairman of the Presidency of Yugoslavia
• *#Branko Kostić, Acting Chairman of the Presidency of Yugoslavia
• *Premier -
• *# Ante Marković, President of the Federal Executive Council of Yugoslavia
• *# Aleksandar Mitrović, Acting President of the Federal Executive Council of Yugoslavia

  North America

• * Governor - Brian G.J. Canty, Governor of Anguilla
• * Chief Minister - Emile Gumbs, Chief Minister of Anguilla
• '
• *Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Antigua and Barbuda
• *Governor-General - Sir Wilfred Jacobs, Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda
• *Prime Minister - Vere Bird, Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda
• * Governor - Felipe Tromp, Governor of Aruba
• * Prime Minister - Nelson Oduber, Prime Minister of Aruba
• '
• *Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of the Bahamas
• *Governor-General - Sir Henry Milton Taylor, Governor-General of the Bahamas
• *Prime Minister - Sir Lynden Pindling, Prime Minister of the Bahamas
• '
• *Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Barbados
• *Governor-General - Dame Nita Barrow, Governor-General of Barbados
• *Prime Minister - Lloyd Erskine Sandiford, Prime Minister of Barbados
• '
• *Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Belize
• *Governor-General - Dame Elmira Minita Gordon, Governor-General of Belize
• *Prime Minister - George Cadle Price, Prime Minister of Belize
• * Governor - Sir Desmond Langley, Governor of Bermuda
• * Premier - Sir John Swan, Premier of Bermuda
• * Governor -
• *# Mark Herdman, Governor of the British Virgin Islands
• *# Peter Penfold, Governor of the British Virgin Islands
• * Chief Minister - Lavity Stoutt, Chief Minister of the British Virgin Islands
• '
• *Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada
• *Governor General - Ray Hnatyshyn, Governor General of Canada
• *Prime Minister - Brian Mulroney, Prime Minister of Canada
• * Governor - Alan James Scott, Governor of the Cayman Islands
• '
• *President - Rafael Ángel Calderón Fournier, President of Costa Rica
• '
• * Communist Party Leader - Fidel Castro, First secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba
• * President - Fidel Castro, President of the Council of State of Cuba
• * Premier - Fidel Castro, President of the Council of Ministers of Cuba
• '
• *President - Sir Clarence Augustus Seignoret, President of Dominica
• *Prime Minister - Eugenia Charles, Prime Minister of Dominica
• '
• *President - Joaquín Balaguer, President of the Dominican Republic
• '
• *President - Alfredo Cristiani, President of El Salvador
• '
• *Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Grenada
• *Governor-General - Sir Paul Scoon, Governor-General of Grenada
• *Prime Minister - Nicholas Brathwaite, Prime Minister of Grenada
• '
• *President -
• *#Vinicio Cerezo, President of Guatemala
• *#Jorge Serrano Elías, President of Guatemala
• '
• *President -
• *#Ertha Pascal-Trouillot, Provisional President of Haiti
• *#Jean-Bertrand Aristide, President of Haiti
• *#Raoul Cédras, Leader of Military Junta of Haiti
• *#Joseph Nérette, Provisional President of Haiti
• *Prime Minister -
• *#René Préval, Prime Minister of Haiti
• *#Jean-Jacques Honorat, Interim Prime Minister of Haiti
• '
• *President - Rafael Leonardo Callejas Romero, President of Honduras
• '
• *Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Jamaica
• *Governor-General -
• *#Sir Florizel Glasspole, Governor-General of Jamaica
• *#Edward Zacca, Acting Governor-General of Jamaica
• *#Sir Howard Cooke, Governor-General of Jamaica
• *Prime Minister - Michael Manley, Prime Minister of Jamaica
• '
• *President - Carlos Salinas de Gortari, President of Mexico
• Montserrat
• * Governor - David G. P. Taylor, Governor of Montserrat
• * Chief Minister -
• *# John Osborne, Chief Minister of Montserrat
• *# Reuben Meade, Chief Minister of Montserrat
• * Governor - Jaime Saleh, Governor of the Netherlands Antilles
• * Prime Minister - Maria Liberia Peters, Prime Minister of the Netherlands Antilles
• '
• *President - Violeta Chamorro, President of Nicaragua
• '
• *President - Guillermo Endara, President of Panama
• '
• *Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Saint Kitts and Nevis
• *Governor-General - Sir Clement Arrindell, Governor-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis
• *Prime Minister - Kennedy Simmonds, Prime Minister of Saint Kitts and Nevis
• '
• *Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Saint Lucia
• *Governor-General - Stanislaus A. James, Governor-General of Saint Lucia
• *Prime Minister - John Compton, Prime Minister of Saint Lucia
• * Prefect -
• *# Jean-Pierre Marquié, Prefect of Saint Pierre and Miquelon
• *# Kamel Khrissate, Prefect of Saint Pierre and Miquelon
• * President of the General Council - Marc Plantegenest, President of the General Council of Saint Pierre and Miquelon
• '
• *Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
• *Governor-General - Sir David Emmanuel Jack, Governor-General of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
• *Prime Minister - James Fitz-Allen Mitchell, Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
• '
• *President - Noor Hassanali, President of Trinidad and Tobago
• *Prime Minister -
• *#A. N. R. Robinson, Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago
• *#Patrick Manning, Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago
• Turks and Caicos Islands
• * Governor - Michael J. Bradley, Governor of the Turks and Caicos Islands
• * Chief Minister -
• *# Oswald Skippings, Chief Minister of the Turks and Caicos Islands
• *# Washington Misick, Chief Minister of the Turks and Caicos Islands
• *President - George H. W. Bush, President of the United States
• *
• ** Governor - Rafael Hernández Colón, Governor of Puerto Rico
• *
• ** Governor - Alexander Farrelly, Governor of the United States Virgin Islands

  Oceania

• *Governor - Peter Tali Coleman, Governor of American Samoa
• '
• *Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia
• *Governor-General - Bill Hayden, Governor-General of Australia
• *Prime Minister -
• *#Bob Hawke, Prime Minister of Australia
• *#Paul Keating, Prime Minister of Australia
• * Christmas Island
• **Administrator -
• **# W.A. McKenzie, Administrator of Christmas Island
• **# A. Mitchell, Acting Administrator of Christmas Island
• **# P. Gifford, Acting Administrator of Christmas Island
• **Assembly Chairman -
• **# Gordon Bennett, Chairman of the Christmas Island Assembly
• **# P. Goh, Chairman of the Christmas Island Assembly
• * Cocos Islands
• **Administrator - Barry Cunningham, Administrator of Cocos Islands
• **Council Chairman - Parson bin Yapat, Chairman of the Cocos Islands Council
• *
• ** Administrator - Herbert Bruce MacDonald, Administrator of Norfolk Island
• ** Head of Government - David Buffett, President of the Legislative Assembly of Norfolk Island
• '
• *President - Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau, President of Fiji
• *Prime Minister - Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara, Prime Minister of Fiji
• * High Commissioner - Jean Montpezat, High Commissioner of the Republic in French Polynesia
• * President of the Government -
• *# Alexandre Léontieff, President of the Government of French Polynesia
• *# Gaston Flosse, President of the Government of French Polynesia
• * Governor - Joseph Franklin Ada, Governor of Guam
• '
• *President -
• *#Ieremia Tabai, President of Kiribati
• *#Teatao Teannaki, President of Kiribati
• '
• *President - Amata Kabua, President of the Marshall Islands
• '
• *President -
• *#John Haglelgam, President of Micronesia
• *#Bailey Olter, President of Micronesia
• '
• *President - Bernard Dowiyogo, President of Nauru
• * High Commissioner -
• *# Bernard Grasset, High Commissioner of New Caledonia
• *# Alain Christnacht, High Commissioner of New Caledonia
• '
• *Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of New Zealand
• *Governor-General - Dame Catherine Tizard, Governor-General of New Zealand
• *Prime Minister - Jim Bolger, Prime Minister of New Zealand,
• *
• ** Queen's Representative - Apenera Short, Queen's Representative on the Cook Islands
• ** Prime Minister - Geoffrey Henry, Prime Minister of the Cook Islands
• *
• ** Premier - Sir Robert Rex, Premier of Niue
• * Tokelau
• ** Administrator - Graham Keith Ansell, Administrator of Tokelau
• * Governor - Lorenzo I. De Leon Guerrero, Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands
• *President - Ngiratkel Etpison, President of Palau
• '
• * Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Papua New Guinea
• * Governor-General -
• *# Sir Vincent Eri, Governor-General of Papua New Guinea
• *# Dennis Young, Acting Governor-General of Papua New Guinea
• *# Sir Wiwa Korowi, Governor-General of Papua New Guinea
• * Prime Minister - Rabbie Namaliu, Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea
• * Governor - David Moss, Governor of the Pitcairn Islands
• * Magistrate -
• *# Brian Young, Magistrate of the Pitcairn Islands
• *# Jay Warren, Magistrate of the Pitcairn Islands
• '
• *Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of the Solomon Islands
• *Governor-General - Sir George Lepping, Governor-General of the Solomon Islands
• *Prime Minister - Solomon Mamaloni, Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands
• '
• *Monarch - Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV, King of Tonga
• *Prime Minister -
• *#Prince Fatafehi Tu'ipelehake, Prime Minister of Tonga
• *#Baron Vaea, Prime Minister of Tonga
• Tuvalu
• *Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Tuvalu
• *Governor-General - Sir Toaripi Lauti, Governor-General of Tuvalu
• *Prime Minister - Bikenibeu Paeniu, Prime Minister of Tuvalu
• '
• *President - Frederick Karlomuana Timakata, President of Vanuatu
• *Prime Minister -
• *#Walter Lini, Prime Minister of Vanuatu
• *#Donald Kalpokas, Prime Minister of Vanuatu
• *#Maxime Carlot Korman, Prime Minister of Vanuatu
• * Administrator-Superior - Robert Pommies, Administrator Superior of Wallis and Futuna
• * President of the Territorial Assembly - Clovis Logologofolau, President of the Territorial Assembly of Wallis and Futuna
• '
• *Head of State - Malietoa Tanumafili II, O le Ao o le Malo of Western Samoa
• *Prime Minister - Tofilau Eti Alesana, Prime Minister of Western Samoa

  South America

• '
• *President - Carlos Menem, President of Argentina
• '
• *President - Jaime Paz Zamora, President of Bolivia
• '
• *President - Fernando Collor de Mello, President of Brazil
• '
• *President - Patricio Aylwin, President of Chile
• '
• *President - César Gaviria, President of Colombia
• '
• *President - Rodrigo Borja Cevallos, President of Ecuador
• * Governor - William Hugh Fullerton, Governor of the Falkland Islands
• * Chief executive - Ronald Sampson, Chief Executive of the Falkland Islands
• '
• *President - Desmond Hoyte, President of Guyana
• *Prime minister - Hamilton Green, Prime Minister of Guyana
• '
• *President - Andrés Rodríguez, President of Paraguay
• '
• *President - Alberto Fujimori, President of Peru
• *Prime minister -
• *#, President of the Council of Ministers of Peru
• *#, President of the Council of Ministers of Peru
• '
• *President -
• *#Johan Kraag, President of Suriname
• *#Ronald Venetiaan, President of Suriname
• *President - Luis Alberto Lacalle, President of Uruguay
• Venezuela
• *President - Carlos Andrés Pérez, President of Venezuela