Tachanun


Tachanun or Taḥanun, also called nefilat apayim, is part of Judaism's morning and afternoon services, after the recitation of the Amidah, the central part of the daily Jewish prayer services. Traditionally, only the first four words of the prayer are said aloud so that others take notice. It is omitted on Shabbat, Jewish holidays and several other occasions. Most traditions recite a longer prayer on Mondays and Thursdays.

Format

There is a short format of Tachanun and there is a long format. The long format is reserved for Monday and Thursday mornings, days when the Torah is read in the synagogue. The short format, also said on weekday afternoons, consists of three short paragraphs.
According to the Sephardic and Nusach Sefard rites, Tachanun begins with vidduy. In this prayer several sins are mentioned and the heart is symbolically struck with the right fist during mentioned of each sin. This is followed by the mention of God's thirteen attributes of mercy. By and large, Sephardim do not have the custom of resting their head on their hand, but due to Ashkenazic influence in Morocco, some Moroccan prayer books include this custom.

Short Tachanun

In most Nusach Ashkenaz synagogues, Tachanun begins with introductory verses from II Samuel, and then continues with Psalm 6:2-11, which King David composed - according to traditional sources - while sick and in pain. The Chabad custom, however, is to recite Psalm 25 as Tachanun. In the presence of a Torah scroll, this paragraph is recited with the head leaning on the back of the left hand or sleeve.
The next paragraph, "" is recited seated, but erect.
After this point, and following the words "va'anachnu lo neida", it is customary in many communities to rise, and the remainder of the final paragraph is recited while standing. Tachanun is invariably followed by "half kaddish" in the morning and by "full kaddish" in the afternoon.

Long Tachanun

The Talmud marks Monday and Thursday as "eth ratzon", a time of Divine goodwill, on which a supplication is more likely to be received. On Monday and Thursday mornings, therefore, a longer prayer commencing with Psalms 78:38 recited before the short Tachanun. It is recited standing. The length of this prayer varies according to community. Ashkenazic communities have the longest text of it; Sephardic communities have a somewhat shorter, but similar, text; and Italian communities have the shortest text of all. The Italian text begins not with Psalms 78:38, but with Daniel 9:15.

History

The source of the supplicatory prayer "is in Daniel and I Kings, where the verses indicate that prayer should always be followed by supplication. Based on this, Talmudic sages developed the habit of adding a personal appeal to God following the set prayers. In the fourteenth century, these spontaneous supplications were standardized and turned into the prayer of Tachanun."
The custom of bending over and resting the face on the left hand is suggested by the first line of the text which includes the words "nip'lah na b'yad Adonai". It is also reminiscent of the Daily Sacrifice brought in the Temple, which was laid on its left side to be slaughtered. A person's arm should be covered with a sleeve, tallit, or other covering. This posture, developed in the post-Talmudic period, is symbolic of the original practice, in which people knelt down until their faces touched the ground to show humility and submission to God. The pose was also used by Moses and Joshua, who fell on their faces before God after the sin of the Golden calf. Because of this practice, Tahanun is also known as nefilat apayim.
Because Joshua fell on his face before the Ark of the Covenant, Ashkenazi custom is that one puts one's head down only when praying in front of an Ark containing a Torah scroll. Otherwise, it is proper to sit with the head up.One source says that where the ark, containing a valid Sefer Torah can be seen from where one is sitting, then head down, if not, not. The same source reports a custom of in-the-next-room, and notes that it is not universally accepted.
The article also has three other head-down situations: some, in Jerusalem; Sefer Torah without an ark; at home, if one "knows at exactly what time the congregation recites Tachanun in the synagogue. In a different article, Rabbi Moshe Feinstein is cited as saying that "because Jerusalem is such a holy city" it is as if we're in the presence of a Sefer Torah. It also makes a case for "in the same room" and advises, "If not, then you say it sitting without putting your head down."
The longer version recited on Mondays and Thursdays is traced by classical sources to three sages who had escaped the destruction of the Jewish community in the Holy Land by the Romans. While on a ship on the way to Europe, they were caught in a storm, and all three recited a personal prayer, after which the storm subsided. These sages went on to establish communities in Europe. David Abudirham states that the words "rachum ve-chanun" mark the beginning of the next segment.

Days on which Tachanun is omitted

Tachanun is omitted from the prayers on Shabbat, all the major holidays and festivals, Rosh Chodesh, Hanukkah and Purim, as these days are of a festive nature and reciting Tachanun, which is mildly mournful, would not be appropriate.
The following is a list of all the other days, "minor holidays", when tachanun is excluded from the prayers, and Psalm 126 is recited during Birkat HaMazon. It is typically also omitted from the Mincha prayers the preceding afternoon, unless otherwise noted:
9TishreiThe day before Yom Kippur.
11–14TishreiThe days between Yom Kippur and Sukkot.
23–29TishreiFrom after Simchat Torah until the conclusion of the month.
25 - 2Kislev-TevetAll 8 days of Chanukah.
15ShevatTu BiShvat, New Year of the Trees. Universally at Shacharis but not at mincha nor the mincha before.
14–15Adar IPurim Katan and Shushan Purim Katan
15AdarShushan Purim
23-29AdarShivas Yemei HaMilluim - 7 inaugural/pre-inaugural days of the Mishkan. Not a universal custom. See Rashi, Lev. 9:1.
Entire monthNisan-
14IyarAccording to some customs, Pesach Sheni.
18IyarLag BaOmer Universally at Shacharis but not at mincha nor the mincha before.
1–5SivanThe beginning of the month until Shavuot.
7–12Sivanthe Isru chag and compensatory week to bring an offering to the Temple in Jerusalem after Shavuot.
9AvTisha B'Av.
15AvTu B'Av Universally at Shacharis but not at mincha nor the mincha before.
29ElulThe day before Rosh Hashanah.

It is also not recited in the house of a mourner, nor is it said in the presence of a groom in the sheva yemei hamishte. Additionally, Tachanun is omitted in a synagogue when a circumcision is taking place in the synagogue at that time, and when either the father of the baby, the sandek, or the mohel is present.
Most Nusach Sefard congregations omit Tachanun during mincha, primarily because it was common for Hasidic congregations to pray mincha after sunset, in which case Tachanun would be omitted.
In Hasidic congregations, Tachanun is omitted on the anniversary of the death of various Rebbes, since that is considered a day for religious renewal and celebration. There is a Hasidic custom of omitting Tachanun the entire week of Purim and the entire week of Lag BaOmer. Some communities omit Tachanun on 7 Adar because it is the anniversary of the death of Moses. Additionally some Hasidic congregations omit Tachanun on Friday mornings, and some even on Sunday mornings.
In many congregations, it is customary to omit Tachanun on holidays established by the State of Israel: Yom Ha'atzmaut, 5 Iyar ; and Yom Yerushalayim, 28 Iyar.