1649

January–June

• January 4 - English Civil War: The Rump Parliament passes an ordinance to set up a High Court of Justice, to try Charles I for high treason.
• January 20 - Charles I of England goes on trial, for treason and other "high crimes".
• January 27 - King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is found guilty of high treason in a public session. He is beheaded three days later, outside the Banqueting Hall in the Palace of Whitehall, London.
• January 30
• * Following the execution of King Charles I, the Commonwealth of England, a republican form of government, replaces the monarchy as the form of government of England, and later of Scotland and Ireland. Members of the Long Parliament serve as government.
• * Charles, Prince of Wales declares himself King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland. At the time, none of the three kingdoms recognize him as ruler.
• February 5 - In Edinburgh, Scotland claimant King Charles II of England is declared King in his absence. Scotland is the first of the three Kingdoms to recognize his claim to the throne.
• March 11 - The rebel Frondeurs and the French government sign the Peace of Rueil.
• March 16 - Over 1000 strong war party of Haudenosaunee invade and burn the Huron mission villages of St. Ignace and St. Louis in present-day Simcoe County, Ontario, killing about 300 people.
• March 19 - The House of Commons of England passes an act abolishing the House of Lords, declaring that it is "useless and dangerous to the people of England".
• March - French colonists from Martinique land in a lagoon and found Fort Annunciation on Grenada but soon abandon this fort to cross the lagoon and found Fort Royal which eventually becomes St. George's, Grenada
• March - Robert Blake is promoted to become a General at Sea of the English fleet.
• Apr 21 - The Maryland Toleration Act is passed in the American colony, allowing all freedom of worship.
• By May 1 - The Wendat burn 15 of their own villages, to prevent their stores from being taken by the Haudenosaunee. Almost all the remaining people become refugees, on a path that eventually brings them to Wendake.
• May 17 - The Banbury mutiny in England ends - leaders of the Leveller mutineers in the New Model Army are hanged.
• May 19 - is passed by the Rump Parliament.
• May 22 - October - Robert Blake blockades Prince Rupert's fleet in Kinsale, Ireland.
• June 1 - Russian Tsar Alexis throws English merchants out of Moscow.
• June 1 - Sumuroy Revolt begins in Northern Samar. Agustin Sumuroy, a Waray, and some of his followers revolt over the polo y servicio.

  July–December

• August - The Diggers abandon their last major colony at St. George's Hill, Weybridge, England.
• August 8 - Dubhaltach Mac Fhirbhisigh completes Book VIII of Leabhar na nGenealach, in Galway, within days of an outbreak of the plague.
• August 17 - Treaty of Zboriv was signed during the period of Tach V'Tat.
• August 15 - Oliver Cromwell lands in Dublin, to begin the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland.
• September 2 - The Italian city of Castro is completely destroyed by the forces of Pope Innocent X, ending the Wars of Castro.
• September 3-11 - Siege of Drogheda in Ireland: The New Model Army massacres the Irish Catholic Confederation garrison.
• September 30 - last of the Swedish troops vacate Prague.
• October 2-11 - Sack of Wexford in Ireland: The New Model Army massacres the Irish Catholic Confederation garrison.

  Undated

• Mughal–Safavid War begins.
• Dutch ousted from São Tomé.
• Qing armies reconquer Jiangxi during Manchu conquest of China.
• Serfdom in Russia: Sobornoye Ulozhenie in the Tsardom of Russia gives serfs to estates.
• Dutch artist Frans Hals paints a portrait of René Descartes.

  Births

January–March

• January 12 - Jacques Carrey, French painter
• January 18
• * William Maurice, Prince of Nassau-Siegen
• * John Waddon, English politician
• January 22 - Pascal Collasse, French composer
• January 30 - Lionel Tollemache, 3rd Earl of Dysart, British politician and nobleman
• February 6
• * John Benedict, Connecticut politician and deacon
• * Augusta Marie of Holstein-Gottorp, Consort of Frederick VII, Margrave of Baden-Durlach
• February 8 - Gabriel Daniel, French Jesuit historian
• February 11 - William Carstares, Scottish minister
• February 16 - Antonio Lupis, prolific Italian writer
• February 19 - Daniel Erich, German organist and composer
• February 22 - Bon Boullogne, French painter
• February 25 - Johann Philipp Krieger, German Baroque composer
• March 2 - Andreas Gottlieb von Bernstorff, German politician
• March 3 - John Floyer, English physician and author
• March 12 - Govert Bidloo, Dutch physician, anatomist, poet and playwright
• March 13 - Simon Henry, Count of Lippe-Detmold
• March 19 - Marie Morin, New France nun and historian
• March 30 - John Trenchard, English politician

  April–June

• April 5 - Elihu Yale, American benefactor of Yale University
• April 8 - Charles Berkeley, 2nd Earl of Berkeley, English diplomat
• April 9 - James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, claimant to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland
• April 11 - Princess Frederica Amalia of Denmark, daughter of King Frederick III of Denmark
• April 16 - Jan Luyken, Dutch engraver
• April 17 - Charles Henri, Prince of Commercy
• April 23 - Andreas Kneller, German organist and composer
• May 2 - Engel de Ruyter, Dutch admiral
• May 3 - Johann Valentin Meder, German composer
• May 4
• * Chhatrasal, Maharaja of Madhya Pradesh
• * Augustinus Terwesten, 18th century painter from the Northern Netherlands
• May 15 - Vincent Bigot, Superior general of the Jesuit mission in Canada
• June 13 - Adrien Baillet, French scholar and critic

  July–September

• July 1 - Johann Wilhelm Petersen, German theologian
• July 4
• * Sophie Amalie Lindenov, Danish noblewoman and landowner
• * William Lodge, English engraver and printmaker
• July 19 - Charles, Landgrave of Hesse-Wanfried
• July 20 - William Bentinck, 1st Earl of Portland
• July 23 - Pope Clement XI
• August 3 - Diego de Salinas, Governor of Gibraltar
• August 7 - Archduke Charles Joseph of Austria, Roman Catholic bishop
• August 16 - Barent van Kalraet, Dutch painter
• August 27 - Ferdinando d'Adda, Italian Catholic cardinal
• September 5 - Louise de Kérouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth, mistress of Charles II of England
• September 7 - Charles Lambart, 3rd Earl of Cavan, Ireland
• September 10 - Bernhard I, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen
• September 12
• * Sir Thomas Blount, 1st Baronet, English politician
• * Dionysius Andreas Freher, German mystic
• * Giuseppe Maria Tomasi, Sicilian saint
• September 14 - Magdalena Stenbock, Swedish salon hostess
• September 15 - Titus Oates, English clergyman and plotter
• September 20 - Carr Scrope, English poet
• September 25 - Edward Montagu, British politician
• September 26 - Katharyne Lescailje, Dutch writer
• September 27 - Jonas Danilssønn Ramus, Norwegian priest and historian

  October–December

• October 3 - Franz Mozart, German mason, great-grandfather of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
• October 6 - Juana Rangel de Cuéllar, Spanish founder of Colombian city
• October 12 - Sir Thomas Felton, 4th Baronet, English politician
• October 19 - Samuel Rodigast, German poet, hymnwriter
• October 25 - Sir Edward Blackett, 2nd Baronet, English politician
• November 2
• * Johann Adolf I, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels, German duke
• * Esmé Stewart, 2nd Duke of Richmond, son of James Stewart
• November 4 - Samuel Carpenter, Deputy Governor of colonial Pennsylvania
• November 24 - John Holwell, English mathematician, astrologer
• December 2 - Jean-Baptiste Corneille, French historical painter, etcher, and engraver
• December 9 - Sir Orlando Bridgeman, 1st Baronet, of Ridley

  Date unknown

• Esther Liebmann, German banker

  Deaths

January–March

• January 6 - Nicolaus Vernulaeus, professor at the University of Leuven and an important Neo-Latin playwright
• January 21 - García de Toledo Osorio, 6th Marquis of Villafranca, Spanish noble and politician
• January 22
• * Pace Giordano, Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Trogir
• * Alessandro Turchi, Italian painter of the early Baroque
• January 30 - King Charles I of England, Scotland, and Ireland
• February 7 - Giovanni Tommaso Malloni, Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Belluno and of Šibenik
• February 18 - Cristóbal Pérez Lazarraga y Maneli Viana, Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Cartagena in Colombia and of Chiapas
• February 23 - Elisabeth Magdalena of Pomerania, German duchess
• March 2 - Archduchess Maria of Austria
• March 9
• * Arthur Capell, 1st Baron Capell of Hadham
• * James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton, Scottish statesman
• * Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland, English soldier
• March 2 - Archduchess Maria of Austria
• March 9
• * Arthur Capell, 1st Baron Capell of Hadham
• * James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton, Scottish statesman
• * Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland, English soldier
• March 16 - Jean de Brébeuf, French Jesuit missionary
• March 17 - Gabriel Lalemant, Jesuit missionary in New France, beginning in 1646
• March 19 - Gerhard Johann Vossius, German classical scholar and theologian
• March 20 - Juan Gutiérrez, Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Vigevano
• March 22 - Agostinho Barbosa, Portuguese bishop in Italy and writer on canon law
• March 26 - John Winthrop, first Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony

  April–June

• April 5 - George Hakewill, English clergyman and author
• April 11 - Ambrose Corbie, English Jesuit teacher
• March 17 - Gabriel Lalemant, Jesuit missionary in New France, beginning in 1646
• April 22 - Marcos de Torres y Rueda, interim viceroy of New Spain
• April 24
• * Francesco Ingoli, Italian priest
• * Gaston Jean Baptiste de Renty, French aristocrat and philanthropist
• April 29 - Dodo, Prince Yu
• May 8 - Gian Giacomo Cristoforo, Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Lacedonia
• May 14
• * Friedrich Spanheim, Dutch theologian
• * William Chappell, Irish bishop
• May 28 - Empress Xiaoduanwen of the Qing Dynasty
• June 3 - Manuel de Faria e Sousa, Portuguese historian and poet
• June 6 - Vincenzo Carafa, Italian Jesuit priest and spiritual writer
• June 17 - Injo of Joseon, sixteenth king of the Joseon dynasty in Korea
• June 18 - Juan Martínez Montañés, Spanish sculptor
• June 20 - Maria Tesselschade Visscher, Dutch poet and engraver
• June 30 - Simon Vouet, French painter
• June 27 - Chikurin-in, Japanese woman of the late Azuchi-Momoyama through early Edo period

  July–September

• July 11 - Susanna Hall, oldest child of William Shakespeare and Anne Hathaway
• July 20 - Padovanino, Italian painter
• July 22 - Alessandro Castracani, Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Fano
• July 23 - Anne Arundell
• July 25 - Orazio Giustiniani, Italian Catholic cardinal
• August 7 - Maria Leopoldine of Austria, Holy Roman Empress
• August 10 - Vittoria Farnese d'Este, Duchess of Modena and Reggio
• August 15 - Dorothea of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Spouse of Charles I, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld
• August 21 - Richard Crashaw, English poet
• August 25 - Thomas Shepard, American Puritan minister
• August 27 - Catherine of Brandenburg, Princess of Transylvania
• August 28 - John Guthrie, Scottish prelate
• August 30 - Robert Heath, English judge and politician
• September 6 - Robert Dudley, styled Earl of Warwick, English explorer and geographer
• September 15 - John Floyd, English Jesuit preacher

  October–December

• October 3 - Giovanni Diodati, Swiss Protestant clergyman
• October 16 - Isaac van Ostade, Dutch painter
• October 28
• * Lady Blanche Arundell, English defender of Wardour Castle
• * Ludovico Ridolfi, Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Patti
• October 30 - Honoré d'Albert
• November 6 - Owen Roe O'Neill
• November 11 - Ellen Marsvin, Danish noble, landowner and county administrator
• November 19 - Caspar Schoppe, German scholar
• November 21 - Jaroslav Borzita of Martinice, Bohemian noble
• December 2 - Theodorus Schrevelius, Dutch writer and poet
• December 4 - William Drummond of Hawthornden, Scottish poet
• December 7 - Charles Garnier, French Jesuit missionary
• December 8
• * Noël Chabanel, French Jesuit missionary
• * Martin Rinkart, German clergyman and hymnist