1691
Events
January–June
- March 5 - Nine Years' War: French troops under Marshal Louis-Francois de Boufflers besiege the Spanish-held town of Mons.
- March 20 - Leisler's Rebellion: A new governor arrives in New York - Jacob Leisler surrenders, after a standoff of several hours.
- March 29 - The Siege of Mons ends in the city's surrender.
- April 9 - A fire at the Palace of Whitehall in London destroys its Stone Gallery.
- May 6 - The Spanish Inquisition condemns and forcibly baptizes 219 Xuetas in Palma, Majorca. When 37 try to escape the island, they are burned alive at the stake.
- May 16 - Jacob Leisler is hanged for treason.
- June 23 - Ahmed II succeeds Suleiman II, as Ottoman Emperor.
July–December
- July 12
- * Pope Innocent XII becomes the 242nd pope, succeeding Pope Alexander VIII.
- * Williamite War in Ireland - Battle of Aughrim: Protestant Williamite forces, led by Godert de Ginkell, decisively defeat Jacobites under the Marquis de St Ruth.
- September 18 - War of the Grand Alliance: English and Dutch forces are defeated by the French in the Battle of Leuze.
- October 3 - The Treaty of Limerick, ending the Williamite War in Ireland and guaranteeing civil rights to Roman Catholics, is signed . The Flight of the Wild Geese follows.
Date unknown
- Michel Rolle invents Rolle's theorem, an essential theorem of mathematics.
- In New England, the two separate colonies of Massachusetts Bay Colony and Plymouth Colony are united into a single entity, by an act of the King and Queen of England.
- The Khalkha submit to the Manchu invaders, bringing most of modern-day Mongolia under the rule of the Qing Dynasty.
- The textile factory Barnängens manufaktur is founded in Stockholm, Sweden.
Births
- February 27 - Edward Cave, English editor and publisher
- March 12 - Dionisia de Santa María Mitas Talangpaz, Filipino saint
- April 5 - Louis VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt
- April 9 - Johann Matthias Gesner, German classical scholar
- June 17 - Giovanni Paolo Pannini, Italian painter and architect
- August 25 - Alessandro Galilei, Italian architect, mathematician
- September 29 - Richard Challoner, English Catholic prelate
- October 1 - Arthur Onslow, English politician
Deaths
- January 13 - George Fox, English founder of the Society of Friends
- January 17 - Richard Lower, English physician
- January 22 - Edward Master, English politician
- January 23 - William Maurice, Prince of Nassau-Siegen
- February 1 - Pope Alexander VIII
- February 8 - Carlo Rainaldi, Italian architect
- February 19 - Sir Thomas Lee, 1st Baronet, English politician
- March 5 - Jean-Jacques Renouard de Villayer, French postal pioneer
- March 17 - Thomas Wynne, English personal physician of William Penn
- March 29 - Nicolas Talon, French Jesuit
- April 3 - Jean Petitot, Swiss enamel painter
- April 23 - Jean-Henri d'Anglebert, French harpsichordist and composer
- May 11 - Colonel John Birch, English soldier
- May 16 - Jacob Leisler, German-born American colonist
- May 23 - Adrien Auzout, French astronomer
- May 29 - Cornelis Tromp, Dutch admiral
- June 23 - Suleiman II, Sultan, Ottoman Empire
- July 2 - Marc'Antonio Pasqualini, Italian opera singer and composer
- July 12 - Marquis de St Ruth, French
- July 16 - François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois, French war minister
- July 18 - Sir John Bowyer, 2nd Baronet, English politician
- July 26 - Henry Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Newcastle, English politician
- July 30 - Daniel Georg Morhof, German writer and scholar
- August 2 - Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
- August 14 - Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnel, Irish rebel
- August 19 - Adam Zrinski, Croatian count and military officer
- August 29 - Sir Ralph Delaval, 1st Baronet, English politician
- September 12 - John George III, Elector of Saxony
- September 18
- *Charles Fane, 3rd Earl of Westmorland, Member of Parliament and House of Lords
- * Giovanni Francesco Ginetti, nephew of Cardinal Marzio Ginetti
- October 9 - William Sacheverell, English statesman
- October 10 - Isaac de Benserade, French poet
- October 11 - Israel Silvestre, French topographical etcher
- October 18 - Christian I, Duke of Saxe-Merseburg, German noble
- October 21 - Alexander Seton, 1st Viscount of Kingston
- October 30 - Hermann of Baden-Baden, Imperial field marshal and president of the Hofkriegsrat
- November 14 - Tosa Mitsuoki, Japanese painter
- November 15 - Aelbert Cuyp, Dutch painter
- December - Louis de Vanens, French alchemist and poisoner
- December 3 - Katherine Jones, Viscountess Ranelagh, English scientist
- December 8 - Richard Baxter, English clergyman
- December 15 - Hendrik van Rheede, Dutch botanist
- December 31
- * Robert Boyle, English chemist
- * Dudley North, English economist, merchant and politician
- date unknown
- * Bárbara Coronel, Spanish stage actress
- * Mariyam Kaba'afa'anu Rani Kilege, queen mother and regent of the Maldives
- probable - Elizabeth Polwheele, English playwright
