1706

January–June

• March 27 - Concluding that Emperor Iyasus I of Ethiopia has abdicated by retiring to a monastery, a council of high officials appoint Tekle Haymanot I Emperor of Ethiopia.
• March 31 - The last Courts of the Principality of Catalonia are finished; their dissolution is presided over by King Charles III of Spain.
• May 23 - War of the Spanish Succession - Battle of Ramillies: English, Dutch, German, Swiss and Scottish troops led by John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, defeat Franco-Bavarian forces in the Low Countries.

  July–December

• July 22 - The Treaty of Union between Scotland and England is agreed upon in London, for ratification by the national legislatures.
• September 7 - War of the Spanish Succession - Battle of Turin: Forces of Austria and Savoy defeat the French.
• October - Twinings founder, Thomas Twining, opens the first known tea room at 216 Strand, London, still open.

  Date unknown

• The English Parliament establishes the first turnpike trusts, which place a length of road under the control of trustees, drawn from local landowners and traders. The turnpike trusts borrow capital for road maintenance against the security of tolls, and this arrangement becomes the common method of road maintenance for the next 150 years.

  Births

January–March

• January 1
• * Henry Howard, 10th Earl of Suffolk
• * Nils Wallerius, Swedish physicist
• January 3 - Johann Caspar Füssli, Swiss portrait painter and writer
• January 7 - Johann Heinrich Zedler, German publisher
• January 17
• * Benjamin Franklin, American inventor and Founding Father
• * George Michael Moser, Swiss artist and enameller
• * Richard Penn Sr., proprietary and titular governor of Pennsylvania and the counties of New Castle County
• January 20 - Frederick Charles Augustus, Count of Lippe
• January 26 - John Elder, pastor
• January 28 - Shubal Stearns, colonial evangelist and preacher during the Great Awakening
• February 2 - Claude-Godefroy Coquart, Jesuit priest who probably arrived in Quebec in 1739
• February 8 - Luis de Córdova y Córdova, Spanish admiral
• February 11 - Nils Rosén von Rosenstein, Swedish physician
• February 12 - Johann Joseph Christian, German Baroque sculptor and woodcarver
• February 17 - Robert Hampden-Trevor, 1st Viscount Hampden, British diplomat at The Hague and then joint Postmaster General
• February 19 - John Hornyold, English Catholic bishop
• February 20 - Phineas Stevens, distinguished officer noted for his defense of the Fort at Number 4 during a siege in April 1747
• February 26 - Jan Antonín Vocásek, Czech Baroque painter
• February 28 - Philippe-François Bart, French naval officer who was Governor of Saint-Domingue during the Seven Years' War
• March 1 - Sébastien Bigot de Morogues, French soldier, a sailor and military naval tactician
• March 4 - Lauritz de Thurah, Danish architect and architectural writer
• March 6 - Sir George Pocock, British admiral
• March 7 - Johann Leonhard Dober, one of the two first missionaries of the Moravian Brethren in the West Indies in 1732
• March 12 - Johan Pasch, Swedish painter
• March 13 - Johann Christoph Heilbronner, German mathematical historian
• March 14 - Siegmund Jakob Baumgarten, German Protestant theologian
• March 23 - Anna Maria Barbara Abesch, Swiss reverse glass painter and the daughter of Johann Peter Abesch
• March 26 - Mather Byles, American clergyman active in British North America
• March 28 - Andrew Oliver, merchant and public official in the Province of Massachusetts Bay
• March 30 - Tommaso Struzzieri, Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Todi

  April–June

• April 2 - Johann Joseph Würth, Austrian silversmith of the late baroque period
• April 6 - Louis de Cahusac, French playwright and librettist
• April 18 - William Brattle, Attorney General of Province of Massachusetts Bay as well as a physician
• April 24 - Giovanni Battista Martini, Italian musician
• April 29 - Pierre-Antoine Gourgaud, French actor
• April 30 - Philipp Jakob Straub, Austrian sculptor
• May 12 - François Boissier de Sauvages de Lacroix, French physician and botanist who was a native of Alès
• May 17 - Andreas Felix von Oefele, German historian and librarian
• May 20 - Seth Pomeroy, American gunsmith and soldier from Northampton
• May 22 - Samuel Troilius, Archbishop of Uppsala in the Church of Sweden
• June 10 - John Dollond, English optician
• June 15 - Johann Joachim Kändler, German sculptor and important modeller of the Meissen porcelain manufactury

  July–September

• July 3 - Robert Lee, 4th Earl of Lichfield, English politician and peer
• July 8 - John Hart, militia officer during King George's War and the French and Indian War
• July 16 - Charles Godefroy de La Tour d'Auvergne, French nobleman
• July 21 - Pierre Lyonnet, artist and engraver who became a naturalist
• August 1 - Franz Sebald Unterberger, South Tyrolean painter in the Baroque style
• August 4 - Frederick Charles, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön
• August 11 - Princess Marie Auguste of Thurn and Taxis, Regent of Württemberg
• August 15 - Benjamin Dass, Norwegian educator and scholar who served as Rector of Trondheim Cathedral School
• August 16 - Bakht Singh of Marwar, Indian Raja of the Rathore Clan
• August 21 - Pierre Nicolas d'Incarville, French Jesuit, amateur botanist and missionary to China
• August 24 - Sir John Evelyn, 2nd Baronet, British courtier and Whig politician
• August 28 - Jan Bouman, Dutch architect
• September 3 - Alonso Verdugo, 3rd Count of Torrepalma, Spanish count
• September 8 - Antoine de Favray, French painter noted for his portraits of personalities of the Ottoman Empire
• September 9 - Jean-Baptiste Barsalou, Canadian fur trader
• September 12 - Léon Ménard, French lawyer and historian
• September 21 - Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg, second wife of Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia
• September 22 - Barbara Regina Dietzsch, Bavarian painter and engraver

  October–December

• October 6
• * Princess Charlotte Amalie of Denmark, Danish princess
• * Pieter Steyn, Grand Pensionary of Holland
• October 11 - Nicolaes Geelvinck, mayor of Amsterdam
• October 18 - Baldassare Galuppi, Venetian composer
• November 2 - Francis Godolphin, 2nd Baron Godolphin, British peer and politician
• November 6
• * Pierre Soubeyran, Swiss engraver
• * William Tans'ur, English hymn-writer, composer and teacher of music
• November 7 - Carlo Cecere, Italian composer of operas
• November 8 - Johann Ulrich von Cramer, German judge and philosopher
• November 11 - Frederick William II, Prince of Nassau-Siegen, last Prince of Nassau-Siegen from the Calvinist line
• November 18 - Johann Friedrich Alexander, Prince of Wied, German ruler
• November 22 - Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough
• November 25 - Henry Dodwell, British religious controversialist and lawyer
• December 17 - Émilie du Châtelet, French mathematician and physicist
• December 23 - John Cornwallis, British politician
• December 24 - Anna Sophie Charlotte of Brandenburg-Schwedt, German noblewoman and member of the House of Hohenzollern
• December 25 - Maria Anna of Schwarzenberg, Margravine consort of Baden-Baden and Princess of Schwarzenberg by birth
• December 31 - Elisabetta Maria Satellico, Italian Roman Catholic professed religious from the Poor Clares who served as her convent's abbess
• date unknown
• * James Abercrombie, British general
• * Sabina Aufenwerth, German potter
• * Barbe de Nettine, politically influential Austrian Netherlands banker

  Deaths

• January 10 - Luisa Roldán, Spanish artist
• January 17 - Sir John Lowther, 2nd Baronet, of Whitehaven, English politician
• January 21 - Adrien Baillet, French scholar and critic
• January 29 - Charles Sackville, 6th Earl of Dorset, English poet and courtier
• February 5 - Pierre du Cambout de Coislin, French prelate
• February 12 - Balthasar Kindermann, German poet
• February 27 - John Evelyn, English writer, gardener and diarist
• March 1 - Heino Heinrich Graf von Flemming, German field marshal and Governor of Berlin
• March 3 - Johann Pachelbel, German composer
• March 6 - García Felipe de Legazpi y Velasco Altamirano y Albornoz, Spanish Catholic prelate, Bishop of Tlaxcala
• March 31 - Sultan Muhammad Akbar, Mughal prince
• April 8 - Caspar Schamberger, German surgeon and merchant
• April 10 - Arthur Chichester, 3rd Earl of Donegall, Irish soldier
• April 12 - Thomas Howard, 3rd Earl of Berkshire, English earl and politician
• April 25 - Thomas Hinckley, last colonial governor of Plymouth Colony
• April 27 - Bernhard I, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen
• May 2 - Georg Joseph Kamel, Jesuit missionary and botanist
• May 26 - Marcantonio Barbarigo, Italian Roman Catholic cardinal and venerable
• July 2 - Beatriz Kimpa Vita, Congolese prophet
• July 9 - Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville, French founder of the colony of Louisiana
• August 6 - Jean-Baptiste du Hamel, French cleric and natural philosopher
• August 23 - Edward Nott, British Colonial Governor of Virginia
• August 26 - Michael Willmann, German painter
• September 1 - Cornelis de Man, Dutch painter
• September 9 - Ferdinand de Marsin, Marshal of France
• September 16 - Matthias Petersen, sea captain and whaler from the North Frisian island of Föhr
• September 26 - Onofrio Gabrieli, Italian painter
• October 13 - Iyasus I of Ethiopia
• October 17 - William Jones, English lawyer, Deputy Governor of Connecticut
• October 26 - Andreas Werckmeister, German organist, music theorist, and composer
• November 9 - Peter Mews, English Royalist theologian and bishop
• November 15 - Tsangyang Gyatso, 6th Dalai Lama
• November 16 - Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest, Dutch admiral
• November 20 - Sir Thomas Roberts, 4th Baronet, English politician
• December 3 - Countess Emilie Juliane of Barby-Mühlingen, German noblewoman and hymn author
• December 9 - King Peter II of Portugal
• December 12 - Christian Louis, Count of Waldeck-Wildungen and Count of Waldeck and Pyrmont
• December 28 - Pierre Bayle, French philosopher
• Byerley Turk, thoroughbred stallion

  Date Unknown

• Jeanne Dumée, French astronomer