Debuccalization


Debuccalization or deoralization is a sound change or alternation in which an oral consonant loses its original place of articulation and moves it to the glottis. The pronunciation of a consonant as is sometimes called aspiration but in phonetics, aspiration is the burst of air accompanying a stop. The word comes from Latin bucca, meaning "cheek" or "mouth".
Debuccalization is usually seen as a sub-type of lenition, often defined as a consonant mutation involving the weakening of a consonant by progressive shifts in pronunciation. As with other forms of lenition, debuccalization may be synchronic or diachronic.
Debuccalization processes occur in many different types of environments such as the following:

Arabic

is debuccalized to in several Arabic varieties, such as northern Egyptian, Lebanese, western Syrian, and urban Palestinian dialects, partially also in Jordanian Arabic. The Maltese language, which was originally an Arabic dialect, also shows this feature.

British and American English

Most English-speakers in England and many speakers of American English debuccalize to a glottal stop in two environments: in word-final position before another consonant
and before a syllabic following,,, or a vowel. Here the may also be nasally released.
In Cockney English, is often realized as a glottal stop between vowels, liquids and nasals, a process called t-glottalization.

German

In German, voiceless stops are commonly debuccalized before syllabic nasals in the following clusters:, which thus become. For example, Lumpen is pronounced. In some dialects, debuccalization may also occur before syllabic, though this is less common.
Voiced stops are not usually debuccalized. However, many Upper German and East Central German dialects merge voiced and unvoiced stops at least word-internally and these merged consonants will be debuccalized. Thus in Bavarian, Anten and Anden are both pronounced. Speakers are often unaware of this.

Glottal fricative

Slavey

All coda consonants in Slavey must be glottal. When a non-glottal consonant would otherwise be positioned in a syllable coda, it debuccalizes to :
In some varieties of Scots, particularly on the West coast, a non word-final th shifted to, a process called th-debuccalization. For example, is realised as.

Proto-Greek

In Proto-Greek, shifted to initially and between sonorants.
Intervocalic was lost by the time of Ancient Greek, and vowels in hiatus were contracted in the Attic dialect.
Before a liquid or nasal, an was assimilated to the preceding vowel in Attic-Ionic and Doric and to the following nasal in Aeolic. The process is also described as loss of and subsequent lengthening of a vowel or consonant to keep the syllable the same length.
In Sanskrit, becomes when utterance-final, e.g., kā́mas "erotic love" becomes kā́maḥ.
Additionally, the Indo-European aspirated voiced palato-velar *ǵʰ- became, e.g. *bʰeh₂ǵʰús "arm" becomes Sanskrit bāhúḥ.

West Iberian

Spanish

A number of Spanish dialects debuccalize at the end of a syllable to or.

Galician

In many varieties of Galician as well as in Galician-influenced Spanish, the phoneme may debuccalize to in most or all instances, though and are also possible realizations. There is also an inverse hypercorrection process of older or less educated Galician speakers replacing the phoneme of the Spanish language by, what is called gueada.

Portuguese

is much less affected by debuccalization, but it is especially notorious in its Brazilian variety.
All over Brazil, the phoneme has a rather long inventory of allophones:. Only is uncommon. Few dialects, such as South Region, Brazil and Rio de Janeiro, give preference to voiced allophones; elsewhere, they are common only as coda, before voiced consonants.
In such dialects, especially among people speaking an educated variety of Portuguese, it is usual for the rhotic coda in the syllable rhyme to be an alveolar tap, as in European Portuguese and many registers of Spanish, or to be realized as or. In the rest of the country, it is generally realized as, even among speakers not normally using this allophone or deleting it entirely, as is common in the vernacular.
However, in some Minas Gerais- and mineiro-influenced fluminense rural registers, is used but as an allophone of , a mar-mal merger, instead of the much more common and less stigmatized mau-mal merger characteristic of all Brazilian urban centers except for those bordering Mercosur countries, where coda was preserved, and the entire North and Northeast regions. Its origin is the replacement of indigenous languages and língua geral by Portuguese, which created, and r-colored vowel as allophones of both and phonemes in the coda since Natives could not easily pronounce them. The later Portuguese influence from other regions made those allophones become rarer in some areas, but the mar-mal merger did not disappear in a few isolated villages and towns.
Finally, many fluminense registers, especially those of the poor and of the youth, most northern and northeastern dialects, and, to a much minor degree, all other Brazilian dialects, debuccalize but less so than in Spanish. However, a mar-mas merger or even a mar-mais merger occurs: mas mesmo assim "but even so" or mas mesma, sim "though, right, the same one" ; mais light "lighter, more slim", or also "less caloric/fatty" ; mas de mim, não "but from me, no" or mais de mim, não "not more from me". A coda rhotic in the Brazilian dialects in the Centro-Sul area is hardly ever glottal, and the debuccalized is unlikely to be confused with it.

Romanian

In the Moldavian dialect of Romanian, is debuccalised to and so, for example, să fie becomes să hie. The same occurred in Old Spanish, Old Gascon and Old Japanese and occurs today in Sylheti.

Goidelic Languages

In Scottish and Irish Gaelic, s and t changed by lenition to, spelled sh and th.

Loanwords

Debuccalization can be a feature of loanword phonology. For example, while Korean allows certain coda obstruents, Japanese does not. Those consonants realized in Korean as unreleased voiceless stops may be realized in Japanese as glottal stops:
Similarly, debuccalization can be seen in Indonesian loans into Selayar.