Kashmiri language
Kashmiri or Koshur, is a language from the Dardic subgroup of Indo-Aryan languages, spoken by around 7 million Kashmiris, primarily in the Indian territory of Jammu and Kashmir. There are also speakers in parts of the neighbouring Pakistani territory of Azad Kashmir.
Although the official language of Jammu and Kashmir is Urdu, Kashmiri is recognised as a regional language in the state and is also among the 22 scheduled languages of India.
Kashmiri has split ergativity and the unusual verb-second word order.
Geographic distribution and status
There are about 6.8 million speakers of Kashmiri and related dialects in Jammu and Kashmir and amongst the Kashmiri diaspora in other states of India. Most Kashmiri speakers are located in the Kashmir Valley and Chenab Valley of Jammu and Kashmir.Kashmiri is also spoken in Pakistan, primarily in the territory of Azad Kashmir, where the speakers are mostly concentrated in the Neelam and Leepa valleys and in the district of Haveli. Their numbers are not known exactly, but published figures have ranged from 130,000 to 350,000.
The Kashmiri language is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India, and is a part of the eighth Schedule in the constitution of the Jammu and Kashmir. Along with other regional languages mentioned in the Sixth Schedule, as well as Hindi and Urdu, the Kashmiri language is to be developed in the state. Most Kashmiri speakers use Urdu or English as a second language. Since November 2008, the Kashmiri language has been made a compulsory subject in all government schools in the Valley up to secondary level.
Phonology
Kashmiri has the following vowel phonemes:Vowels
Consonants
Archaisms
Kashmiri, as also the other Dardic languages, shows important divergences from the Indo-Aryan mainstream. One is the partial maintenance of the three sibilant consonants s ṣ ś of the Old Indo-Aryan period. For another example, the prefixing form of the number 'two', which is found in Sanskrit as dvi-, has developed into ba-/bi- in most other Indo-Aryan languages, but du- in Kashmiri. Seventy-two is dusatath in Kashmiri, bahattar in Hindi-Urdu and Punjabi, and dvisaptati in Sanskrit.Certain features in Kashmiri even appear to stem from Indo-Aryan even predating the Vedic period. For instance, there was an /s/ > /h/ consonant shift in some words that had already occurred with Vedic Sanskrit, yet is lacking in Kashmiri equivalents. The word rahit in Vedic Sanskrit and modern Hindi-Urdu corresponds to rost in Kashmiri. Similarly, sahit corresponds to sost in Kashmiri.
Writing system
There are three orthographical systems used to write the Kashmiri language: the Sharada script, the Devanagari script and the Perso-Arabic script. The Roman script is also sometimes informally used to write Kashmiri, especially online.The Kashmiri language is traditionally written in the Sharada script after the 8th Century A.D. This script however, is not in common use today, except for religious ceremonies of the Kashmiri Pandits.
Today it is written in Perso-Arabic and Devanagari scripts. Among languages written in the Perso-Arabic script, Kashmiri is one of the scripts that regularly indicates all vowel sounds.
The Perso-Arabic script is recognised as the official script of Kashmiri language by the Jammu and Kashmir governement and the Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages.
Nowadays, Kashmiri Perso-Arabic script has come to be associated with Kashmiri Muslims, while the Kashmiri Devanagari script has come to be associated with the Kashmiri Hindu community.
Perso-Arabic script
Consonants
The digraphs of Aspirated consonant are as follow.| Digraph | Transcription | IPA |
| ph | ||
| th | ||
| ṭh | ||
| čh | ||
| ch | ||
| kh |
Vowels
Devanagari
Consonants
Vowels
Tabulated below is one version of the proposal to spell the Kashmiri vowels with Devanagari:| Letter | अ | आ | ॲ | ऑ | ऎ | ए | ॳ | ॴ | इ | ई | ॶ | ॷ | उ | ऊ | ऒ | ओ | ँ |
| IPA | |||||||||||||||||
| Transliteration | a | ā | ọ | ọ̄ | e | ē | ö | ȫ | i | ī | ü | ǖ | u | ū | o | ō | ̃ |
| Vowel mark indicated on consonant k | क | का | कॅ | कॉ | कॆ | के | कऺ | कऻ | कि | की | कॖ | कॗ | कु | कू | कॊ | को | कं |
The other version of the proposal is shown below:
| Letter | अ | आ | ॲ | ऑ | ॶ | ॷ | इ | ई | उ | ऊ | ऎ | ए | ऐ | ऒ | ओ | औ | -व | ँ |
| IPA | ||||||||||||||||||
| Transliteration | a | ā | ö | ȫ | ü | ǖ | i | ī | u | ū | e | ē | ai | o | ō | au | ọ | ̃ |
| Vowel mark indicated on consonant k | क | का | कॅ | कॉ | कॖ | कॗ | कि | की | कु | कू | कॆ | के | कै | कॊ | को | कौ | क्व or कव | कं |
Grammar
Kashmiri is a fusional language with verb-second word order. Several of Kashmiri's grammatical features distinguish it from other Indo-Aryan languages.Nouns
Kashmiri nouns are inflected according to gender, number and case. There are no articles, nor is there any grammatical distinction for definiteness, although there is some optional adverbial marking for indefinite or "generic" noun qualities.Gender
The Kashmiri gender system is divided into masculine and feminine. Feminine forms are typically generated by the addition of a suffix to a masculine noun. TA relatively small group of feminine nouns have unique suppletion forms that are totally different from the corresponding masculine forms. The following table illustrates the range of possible gender forms:شُر
شُرؠ
گَگُر
گَگٕر
ہۆکھ
ہۆچھ
تۆت
تٔژ
مَرٕد
زنانٕہ
کاو
مٔچھ
Some nouns borrowed from other languages, such as Persian, Arabic, Sanskrit, Urdu or English, follow a slightly different gender system. Notably, many words borrowed from Urdu have different genders in Kashmiri.
Case
There are five cases in Kashmiri: nominative, dative, ergative, ablative and vocative. Case is expressed via suffixation of the noun.Kashmiri utilizes an ergative-absolutive case structure when the verb is in simple past tense. Thus, in these sentences, the subject of a transitive verb is marked in the ergative case and the object in nominative, which is identical to how the subject of an intransitive verb is marked. However, in sentences constructed in any other tense, or in past tense sentences with intransitive verbs, a nominative-dative paradigm is adopted, with objects generally marked in dative case.
Other case distinctions, such as locative, instrumental, genitive, comitative and allative, are marked by postpositions rather than suffixation.
Noun morphology
The following table illustrates Kashmiri noun declension according to gender, number and case.اَن
اَو
اِ
اَو
اَس or اِس
اَن
اِ
اَن
اِ or إ
اَو
اِ
اَو
ا
اَو
اِے
اَو
Verbs
Kashmiri verbs are declined according to tense and person, and to a lesser extent, gender. Tense, along with certain distinctions of aspect, is formed by the addition of suffixes to the verb stem, and in many cases by the addition of various modal auxiliaries. Postpositions fulfill numerous adverbial and semantic roles.Tense
Present tense in Kashmiri is an auxiliary construction formed by a combination of the copula and the imperfective suffix -/aːn/ added to the verb stem. The various copula forms agree with their subject according to gender and number, and are provided below with the verb /jun/ :چھُس یِوان
چھَس یِوان
چھُکھ یِوان
چھَکھ یِوان
چھُ یِوان
چھےٚ یِوان
چھِ یِوان
چھَ یِوان
چھِو یِوان
چھَو یِوان
چھِ یِوان
چھےٚ یِوان
Past tense in Kashmiri is significantly more complex than the other tenses, and is subdivided into three past tense distinctions. The simple past refers to completed past actions. Remote past refers to actions that lack this in-built perfective aspect. Indefinite past refers to actions performed a long time ago, and is often used in historical narrative or storytelling contexts.
As described above, Kashmiri is a split-ergative language; in all three of these past tense forms, the subjects of transitive verbs are marked in the ergative case and direct objects in the nominative. Intransitive subjects are marked in the nominative. Nominative arguments, whether subjects or objects, dictate gender, number and person marking on the verb.
Verbs of the simple past tense are formed via the addition of a suffix to the verb stem, which usually undergoes certain uniform morphophonemic changes. First and third person verbs of this type do not take suffixes and agree with the nominative object in gender and number, but there are second person verb endings. The entire simple past tense paradigm of transitive verbs is illustrated below using the verb /parun/ :
پٔرؠ
پٔر
پَرِ
پۆرُتھ
پٔرِتھ
پٔرٕتھ
پَرؠتھ
پۆروٕ
پٔرِوٕ
پٔروٕ
پَرِوٕ
پۆر
پٔرؠ
پٔر
پَرِ
A group of irregular intransitive verbs, take a different set of endings in addition to the morphophonemic changes that affect most past tense verbs.
اُس
ؠ
اَس
اِ
کھ
وٕ
کھ
وٕ
چھ
اِ
Intransitive verbs in the simple past are conjugated the same as intransitives in the indefinite past tense form.
یَس
یے یِہ
یے یَس
یے یِہ
یاکھ
یے یِوٕ
یے یَکھ
یے یِوٕ
یوو
یے یِہ
یے یِہ
یے یِہ
In contrast to the simple past, verb stems are unchanged in the indefinite and remote past, although the addition of the tense suffixes does cause some morphophonetic change. Transitive verbs are declined according to the following paradigm:
یوو
ے یِہ
ے یِہ
ے یِہ
یوتھ
ے یَتھ
ے یَتھ
ے یَتھ
ے یوو
ے یایِہ
ے یایِہ
ے یایِہ
ے یوتھ
ے یے یَتھ
ے یے یَتھ
ے یے یَتھ
As in the simple past, "special intransitive" verbs take a different set of endings in the indefinite and remote past:
اس
ایَس
ایَس
ایِہ
کھ
کھ
ایَکھ
ایِوٕ
اَو
ایِہ
ایِہ
ایِہ
ایاس
ے یایِہ
ے یے یَس
ے یے یِہ
اکھ
ے یِوٕ
ایَکھ
ایِوٕ
ے یوو
ے یے یِہ
ے یایٕہ
ے یایٕہ
Regular intransitive verbs also take a different set of endings in the indefinite and remote past, subject to some morphophonetic variation:
یَس
یے یِہ
یے یَس
یے یِہ
یاکھ
یے یِوٕ
یے یَکھ
یے یِوٕ
یوو
یے یِہ
یے یِہ
یے یِہ
یے یاس
یے یِہ
یے یاس
یے یِہ
یے یَکھ
یے یِوٕ
یے یَکھ
یے یِوٕ
یے یوو
یے یِہ
یے یایٕہ
یے یٕہ
Future tense intransitive verbs are formed by the addition of suffixes to the verb stem:
مٕہ
مَو
اَکھ
یِو
یِہ
اَن
The future tense of transitive verbs, however, is formed by adding suffixes that agree with both the subject and direct object according to number, in a complex fashion:
اَن
اَکھ
إہون
إہوکھ
إۂن
إۂکھ
إہوٗن
إہوٗکھ
یَس
یَکھ
إنَس
إنَکھ
Aspect
There are two main aspectual distinctions in Kashmiri, perfective and imperfective. Both employ a participle formed by the addition of a suffix to the verb stem, as well as the fully conjugated auxiliary /aːsun/ —which agrees according to gender, number and person with the object or the subject.Like the auxiliary, the participle suffix used with the perfective aspect agrees in gender and number with the object or subject as illustrated below:
مُت
مٕتؠ
مٕژ
-/mat͡sɨ/
مَژٕ
The imperfective is simpler, taking the participle suffix -/aːn/ in all forms, with only the auxiliary showing agreement. A type of iterative aspect can be expressed by reduplicating the imperfective participle.
Pronouns
s are declined according to person, gender, number and case, although only third person pronouns are overtly gendered. Also in third person, a distinction is made between three degrees of proximity, called proximate, remote I and remote II.بٕہ
أسؠ
بٕہ
أسؠ
ژٕ
تۆہؠ
ژٕ
تۆہؠ
یِہ
یِم
یِہ
یِمٕہ
ہُہ
ہُم
ہۄ
ہُمٕہ
سُہ
تِم
سۄ
تِمٕہ
مےٚ
اَسِہ
مےٚ
اَسِہ
ژےٚ
تۄہِہ
ژےٚ
تۄہِہ
یێمؠ
یِمَو
یێمِہ
یِمَو
ہۆمؠ
ہُمَو
ہۅمِہ
ہُمَو
تٔمؠ
تِمَو
تَمِہ
تِمَو
مےٚ
اَسِہ
مےٚ
اَسِہ
ژےٚ
تۄہِہ
ژےٚ
تۄہِہ
یێمِس
یِمن
یێمِس
یِمن
ہۆمِس
ہُمن
ہۆمِس
ہُمن
تٔمِس
تِمن
تٔمِس
تِمن
مےٚ
اَسِہ
مےٚ
اَسِہ
ژےٚ
تۄہِہ
ژےٚ
تۄہِہ
یێمِہ
یِمَو
یێمِہ
یِمَو
ہۆمِہ
ہُمَو
ہۆمِہ
ہُمَو
تٔمِہ
تِمَو
تٔمِہ
تِمَو
There is also a dedicated genitive pronoun set, in contrast to the way that the genitive is constructed adverbially elsewhere. As with future tense, these forms agree with both the subject and direct object in person and number.
میون
میٲنؠ
میٲنؠ
میانِہ
سون
سٲنؠ
سٲنؠ
سانِہ
چون
چٲنؠ
چٲنؠ
چانِہ
تُہُنٛد
تُہٕنٛدؠ
تُہٕنٛز
تُہٕنٛزٕ
یێمؠ سُنٛد
یێمؠ سٕنٛدؠ
یێمؠ سٕنٛز
یێمؠ سٕنٛزٕ
یِہُنٛد
یِہٕنٛدؠ
یِہٕنٛز
یِہٕنٛزٕ
ہۆمؠ سُنٛد
ہۆمؠ سٕنٛدؠ
ہُمؠ سٕنٛز
ہُمؠ سٕنٛزٕ
ہُہُنٛد
ہُہٕنٛدؠ
ہُہٕنٛز
ہُہٕنٛزٕ
تٔمؠ سُنٛد
تٔمؠ سٕنٛدؠ
تٔمؠ سٕنٛز
تٔمۍ سٕنٛزٕ
تِہٕنٛد
تِہٕنٛدؠ
تِہٕنٛز
تِہٕنٛزٕ
Adjectives
There are two kinds of adjectives in Kashmiri, those that agree with their referent noun and those that are not declined at all. Most adjectives are declined, and generally take the same endings and gender-specific stem changes as nouns. The declinable adjective endings are provided in the table below, using the adjective /wɔzul/ :وۄزُل
وۄزٕلؠ
وۄزٕج
وۄزٕجِہ
وۄزٕلٕہ
وۄزٕلؠو
وۄزٕجِہ
وۄزٕجَو
وۄزٕلِس
وۄزٕلؠن
وۄزٕجِہ
وۄزٕجَن
وۄزٕلِہ
وۄزٕلؠو
وۄزٕجِہ
وۄزٕجَو
Among those adjectives not declined are adjectives that end in -lad or -a, adjectives borrowed from other languages, and a few isolated irregulars.
The comparative and superlative forms of adjectives are formed with the words tsor and sitha, respectively.
Numerals
Within the Kashmir language, numerals are separated into cardinal numbers and ordinal numbers. These numeral forms, as well as their aggregative, multiplicative, and emphatic forms are provided by the table below.-/im/ for feminine
-/gɨn/ for feminine
اَکھ
أکیُٛم or أکِم
اۆگُن or اۆگٕن
اَکُے
زٕ
دۆیُم or دۆیِم
دۄشوَے
دۆگُن or دۆگٕن
زٕے
ترٛےٚ
ترٛێیُم or ترٛێیِم
ترٛێشوَے
ترٛۆگُن or ترٛۆگٕن
ترٛێے
ژور
ژوٗریُٛم or ژوٗرِم
ژۄشوَے
ژۆگُن or ژۆگٕن
ژورَے
پانٛژھ or پٲنٛژھ
پٟنٛژیُٛم or پٟنژِم
پانٛژٕوَے
پانٛژٕگُن or پانٛژٕگٕن
پانٛژَے
شےٚ
شێیُم or شێیِم
شێنٕہ وَے
شُگُن or شُگٕن
شێے
سَتھ
سٔتیُٛم or سٔتِم
سَتٕہ وَے
سَتٕگُن or سَتٕگٕن
سَتَے
ٲٹھ
اٟٹھیُٛم or اوٗٹھیُٛم
/ɨːʈʰim/ or /uːʈʰim/
اٟٹھِم or اوٗٹھِم
ٲٹھٕ وَے
ٲٹھٕ گُن or ٲٹھٕ گٕن
ٲٹھَے
نَو
نٔویُٛم or نٔوِم
نَوٕوَے
نَوٕگُن or نَوٕگٕن
نَوَے
دٔہ or داہ
دٔہیُٛم or دٔہِم
دٔہٕہ وَے
دٔہٕہ گۆن or دٔہٕہ گٕن
دٔہَے
کَہہ or کاہ
کٔہیُٛم or کٔہِم
بَہہ or باہ
بٔہیُٛم or بٔہِم
ترُٛواہ
ترُٛوٲہیُٛم or ترُٛوٲہِم
ژۄداہ
ژۄدٲہیُٛم or ژۄدٲہِم
پَنٛداہ
پَنٛدٲہیُٛم or پَنٛدٲہِم
شُراہ
شُرٲہیُٛم or شُرٲہِم
سَداہ
سَدٲہیُٛم or سَدٲہِم
اَرٕداہ
اَرٕدٲہیُٛم or اَرٕدٲہِم
کُنٕہ وُہ
کُنٕہ وُہیُٛم or کُنٕہ وُہِم
وُہ
وُہیُٛم or وُہِم
اَکٕہ وُہ
اَکٕہ وُہیُٛم or اَکٕہ وُہِم
زٕتووُہ
زٕتووُہیُٛم or زٕتووُہِم
ترٛۆوُہ
ترٛۆوُہیُٛم or ترٛۆوُہِم
ژۆوُہ
ژۆوُہیُٛم or ژۆوُہِم
پٕنٛژٕہ
پٕنٛژٕہیُٛم or پٕنٛژٕہِم
شَتٕہ وُہ
شَتٕہ وُہیُٛم or شَتٕہ وُہِم
سَتووُہ
سَتووُہیُٛم or سَتووُہِم
اٹھووُہ
اٹھووُہیُٛم or اٹھووُہِم
کُنٕہ ترٕٛہ
کُنٕہ ترٕٛہیُٛم or کُنٕہ ترٕٛہِم
ترٕٛہ
ترٕٛہیُٛم or ترٕٛہِم
اَکٕہ ترٕٛہ
اَکٕہ ترٕٛہیُٛم or اَکٕہ ترٕٛہِم
دۄیِہ ترٕٛہ
دۄیِہ ترٕٛہیُٛم or دۄیِہ ترٕٛہِم
تێیِہ ترٕٛہ
تێیِہ ترٕٛہیُٛم or تێیِہ ترٕٛہِم
ژۄیِہ ترٕٛہ
ژۄیِہ ترٕٛہیُٛم or ژۄیِہ ترٕٛہِم
پٲنٛژٕترٕٛہ or پانٛژٕترٕٛہ
پٲنٛژٕ ترٕٛہیُٛم or پانٛژٕ ترٕٛہِم
/pə̃ːt͡sɨtrɨhim/ or /pãːt͡sɨtrɨhim/
پٲنٛژٕ ترٕٛہیُٛم or پانٛژٕ ترٕٛہِم
شێیِہ ترٕٛہ
شێیِہ ترٕٛہیُٛم or شێیِہ ترٕٛہِم
سَتٕہ ترٕٛہ
سَتٕہ ترٕٛہیُٛم or سَتٕہ ترٕٛہِم
اَرٕترٕٛہ
اَرٕ ترٕٛہیُٛم or اَرٕ ترٕٛہِم
کُنٕہ تٲجِہہ
کُنٕہ تٲجِہیُٛم or کُنٕہ تٲجِہِم
ژَتجِہہ
ژَتجِہیُٛم or ژَتجِہِم
اَکٕہ تٲجِہہ
اَکٕہ تٲجِہیُٛم or اَکٕہ تٲجِہِم
دۄیِہ تٲجِہہ
دۄیِہ تٲجِہیُٛم or دۄیِہ تٲجِہِم
تێیِہ تٲجِہہ
تێیِہ تٲجِہیُٛم or تێیِہ تٲجِہِم
ژۄیِہ تٲجِہہ
ژۄیِہ تٲجِہیُٛم or ژۄیِہ تٲجِہِم
پٲنٛژٕتٲجِہہ or پانٛژٕتٲجِہہ
پٲنٛژٕتٲجِہیُٛم or پانٛژٕتٲجِہیُٛم
/pə̃ːt͡sɨtəːd͡ʒihim/ or /pãːt͡sɨtəːd͡ʒihim/
پٲنٛژٕتٲجِہِم or پانٛژٕتٲجِہِم
شێیِہ تٲجِہہ
شێیِہ تٲجِہیُٛم or شێیِہ تٲجِہِم
سَتٕہ تٲجِہہ
سَتٕہ تٲجِہیُٛم or سَتٕہ تٲجِہِم
اَرٕتٲجِہہ
اَرٕ تٲجِہیُٛم or اَرٕ تٲجِہِم
کُنٕہ وَنزاہ
کُنٕہ وَنزٲہیُٛم or کُنٕہ وَنزٲہِم
پَنٛژاہ
پَنٛژٲہیُٛم or پَنٛژٲہِم
اَکٕہ وَنٛزاہ
اَکٕہ وَنٛزٲہیُٛم or اَکٕہ وَنٛزٲہِم
دُوَنٛزاہ
دُوَنٛزٲہیُٛم or دُوَنٛزٲہِم
ترُٛوَنٛزاہ or ترٕٛوَنٛزاہ
ترُٛوَنٛزٲہیُٛم or ترُٛوَنٛزٲہِم
/trɨwanzəːhjum/ or /trɨwanzəːhim/
ترٕٛوَنٛزٲہیُٛم or ترٕٛوَنٛزٲہِم
ژُوَنٛزاہ
ژُوَنٛزٲہیُٛم or ژُوَنٛزٲہِم
پٲنٛژٕوَنٛزاہ or پانٛژٕوَنٛزاہ
پٲنٛژٕوَنٛزٲہیُٛم or پانٛژٕوَنٛزٲہیُٛم
/pə̃ːt͡sɨwanzəːhim/ or /pãːt͡sɨwanzəːhim/
پٲنٛژٕوَنٛزٲہِم or پانٛژٕوَنٛزٲہِم
شُوَنٛزاہ
شُوَنٛزٲہیُٛم or شُوَنٛزٲہِم
سَتٕہ وَنٛزاہ
سَتٕہ وَنٛزٲہیُٛم or سَتٕہ وَنٛزٲہِم
اَرٕوَنٛزاہ
اَرٕوَنٛزٲہیُٛم or اَرٕوَنٛزٲہِم
کُنٕہ ہٲٹھ
کُنٕہ ہٲٹھیُٛم or کُنٕہ ہٲٹھِم
شیٹھ
شیٹھیُٛم or شیٹھِم
اَکٕہ ہٲٹھ
اَکٕہ ہٲٹھیُٛم or اَکٕہ ہٲٹھِم
دُ ہٲٹھ
دُ ہٲٹھیُٛم or دُ ہٲٹھِم
ترُٛہٲٹھ or ترٕٛہٲٹھ
ترُٛہٲٹھیُٛم or ترُٛہٲٹھِم
/trɨhəːʈʰjum/ or /trɨhəːʈʰim/
ترٕٛہٲٹھیُٛم or ترٕٛہٲٹھِم
ژُہٲٹھ
ژُہٲٹھیُٛم or ژُہٲٹھِم
پٲنٛژٕہٲٹھ or پانٛژٕہٲٹھ
پٲنٛژٕہٲٹھیُٛم or پانٛژٕہٲٹھیُٛم
/pə̃ːt͡sɨhəːʈʰim/ or /pãːt͡sɨhəːʈʰim/
پٲنٛژٕہٲٹھیُٛم or پانٛژٕہٲٹھِم
شُہٲٹھ
شُہٲٹھیُٛم or شُہٲٹھِم
سَتٕہ ہٲٹھ
سَتٕہ ہٲٹھیُٛم or سَتٕہ ہٲٹھِم
اَرٕہٲٹھ
اَرٕہٲٹھیُٛم or اَرٕہٲٹھِم
کُنٕہ سَتَتھ
کُنٕہ سَتَتیُٛم or کُنٕہ سَتَتِم
سَتَتھ
سَتَتیُٛم or سَتَتِم
اَکٕہ سَتَتھ
اَکٕہ سَتَتیُٛم or اَکٕہ سَتَتِم
دُسَتَتھ
دُسَتَتیُٛم or دُسَتَتِم
ترُٛسَتَتھ or ترٕٛسَتَتھ
ترُٛسَتَتیُٛم or ترُٛسَتَتِم
/trɨsatatjum/ or /trɨsatatim/
ترٕٛسَتَتیُٛم orترٕٛسَتَتِم
ژُسَتَتھ
ژُسَتَتیُٛم or ژُسَتَتِم
پٲنٛژٕسَتَتھ or پانٛژٕسَتَتھ
پٲنٛژٕسَتَتیُٛم or پانٛژٕسَتَتیُٛم
/pə̃ːt͡sɨsatatim/ or /pãːt͡sɨsatatim/
پٲنٛژٕسَتَتِم or پانٛژٕسَتَتِم
شُسَتَتھ
شُسَتَتیُٛم or شُسَتَتِم
سَتٕہ سَتَتھ
سَتٕہ سَتَتیُٛم or سَتٕہ سَتَتِم
اَرٕسَتَتھ
اَرٕسَتَتیُٛم or اَرٕسَتَتِم
کُنٕہ شيٖتھ
کُنٕہ شيٖتیُٛم or کُنٕہ شيٖتِم
شيٖتھ
شيٖتیُٛم or شيٖتِم
اَکٕہ شيٖتھ
اَکٕہ شيٖتیُٛم or اَکٕہ شيٖتِم
دۄیِہ شيٖتھ
دۄیِہ شيٖتیُٛم or دۄیِہ شيٖتِم
ترٛێیِہ شيٖتھ
ترٛێیِہ شيٖتیُٛم or ترٛێیِہ شيٖتِم
ژۄیِہ شيٖتھ
ژۄیِہ شيٖتیُٛم or ژۄیِہ شيٖتِم
پٲنٛژٕشيٖتھ or پانٛژٕشيٖتھ
پٲنٛژٕ شيٖتیُٛم or پانٛژٕ شيٖتیُٛم
/pə̃ːt͡sɨʃiːtim/ or /pãːt͡sɨʃiːtim/
پٲنٛژٕ شيٖتِم or پانٛژٕ شيٖتِم
شێیِہ شيٖتھ
شێیِہ شيٖتیُٛم or شێیِہ شيٖتِم
سَتٕہ شيٖتھ
سَتٕہ شيٖتیُٛم or سَتٕہ شيٖتِم
اَرٕشيٖتھ
اَرٕشيٖتیُٛم or اَرٕشيٖتِم
کُنٕہ نَمَتھ
کُنٕہ نَمَتیُٛم or کُنٕہ نَمَتِم
نَمَتھ
نَمَتیُٛم or نَمَتِم
اَکٕہ نَمَتھ
اَکٕہ نَمَتیُٛم or اَکٕہ نَمَتِم
دُنَمَتھ
دُنَمَتیُٛم or دُنَمَتِم
ترُٛنَمَتھ or ترٕٛنَمَتھ
ترُٛنَمَتیُٛم or ترُٛنَمَتِم
/trɨnamatjum/ or /trɨnamatim/
ترٕٛنَمَتیُٛم or ترٕٛنَمَتِم
ژُنَمَتھ
ژُنَمَتیُٛم or ژُنَمَتِم
پٲنٛژٕنَمَتھ or پانٛژٕنَمَتھ
پٲنٛژٕنَمَتیُٛم or پانٛژٕنَمَتیُٛم
/pə̃ːt͡sɨnamatim/ or /pãːt͡sɨnamatim/
پٲنٛژٕنَمَتِم or پانٛژٕنَمَتِم
شُنَمَتھ
شُنَمَتیُٛم or شُنَمَتِم
سَتٕہ نَمَتھ
سَتٕہ نَمَتیُٛم or سَتٕہ نَمَتِم
اَرٕنَمَتھ
اَرٕنَمَتیُٛم or اَرٕنَمَتِم
نَمٕہ نَمَتھ
نَمٕہ نَمَتیُٛم or نَمٕہ نَمَتِم
ہَتھ
ہَتیُٛم or ہَتِم
اَکھ ہَتھ تٕہ اَکھ
اَکھ ہَتھ تٕہ أکیُٛم or اَکھ ہَتھ تٕہ أکِم
اَکھ ہَتھ تٕہ زٕ
اَکھ ہَتھ تٕہ دۆیُم or اَکھ ہَتھ تٕہ دۆیِم
زٕ ہَتھ
دُہَتیُٛم or دُہَتِم
ترٛےٚ ہَتھ
ترٕٛہَتیُٛم or ترٕٛہَتِم
ژور ہَتھ
ژُہَتیُٛم or ژُہَتِم
پانٛژھ ہَتھ
پٲنٛژہَتیُٛم or پٲنٛژہَتِم
شےٚ ہَتھ
شےٚہَتیُٛم or شےٚہَتِم
سَتھ ہَتھ
سَت ہَتیُٛم or سَت ہَتِم
ٲٹھ شَتھ
ٲٹھ شَتیُٛم or ٲٹھ شَتِم
نَو شَتھ
نَو شَتیُٛم or نَو شَتِم
ساس
سٲسیُٛم or سٲسِم
اَکھ ساس اَکھ
اَکھ ساس أکیُٛم or اَکھ ساس أکِم
اَکھ ساس زٕ
اَکھ ساس دۆیُم or اَکھ ساس دۆیِم
اَکھ ساس ہَتھ
or
/kah ʃatʰ/ or /kaːh ʃatʰ/
کَہہ شَتھ or کاہ شَتھ
اَکھ ساس ہَتیُٛم or اَکھ ساس ہَتِم
or
/kah ʃatjum/ or /kaːh ʃatjum/
کَہہ شَتیُٛم or کاہ شَتیُٛم
/kah ʃatim/ or /kaːh ʃatim/
کَہہ شَتِم or کاہ شَتِم
اَکھ ساس پانٛژھ ہَتھ
or
/pandaːh ʃatʰ/
پَنٛداہ شَتھ
اَکھ ساس پانٛژ ہَتیُٛم or اَکھ ساس پانٛژ ہَتِم
or
/pandaːh ʃatjum/ or /pandaːh ʃatim/
پَنٛداہ شَتیُٛم or پَنٛداہ شَتِم
دٔہ ساس or داہ ساس
دٔہ سٲسیُٛم or داہ سٲسیُٛم
/dəh səːsim/ or /daːh səːsim/
دٔہ سٲسِم or داہ سٲسِم
لَچھ
لَچیُٛم or لَچِم
دٔہ لَچھ or داہ لَچھ
دٔہ لَچیُٛم or داہ لَچیُٛم
/dəh lat͡ʃim/ or /daːh lat͡ʃim/
دٔہ لَچِم or داہ لَچِم
کۄرور or کَرور
کۄروریُٛم or کۄرورِم
اَرَب
اَرَبیُٛم or اَرَبِم
کھَرَب
کھَرَبیُٛم or کھَرَبِم