Library of Congress Classification
The Library of Congress Classification is a system of library classification developed by the Library of Congress. It is used by most research and academic libraries in the U.S. and several other countries.
LCC should not be confused with LCCN, the system of Library of Congress Control Numbers assigned to all books, which also defines URLs of their online catalog entries, such as "82006074" and "
The classification was invented by Herbert Putnam in 1897, just before he assumed the librarianship of Congress. With advice from Charles Ammi Cutter, it was influenced by his Cutter Expansive Classification, the Dewey Decimal System, and the Putnam Classification System. It was designed specifically for the purposes and collection of the Library of Congress to replace the fixed location system developed by Thomas Jefferson. By the time Putnam departed from his post in 1939, all the classes except K and parts of B were well developed.
LCC has been criticized for lacking a sound theoretical basis; many of the classification decisions were driven by the practical needs of that library rather than epistemological considerations. Although it divides subjects into broad categories, it is essentially enumerative in nature. That is, it provides a guide to the books actually in one library's collections, not a classification of the world.
In 2007 The Wall Street Journal reported that in the countries it surveyed most public libraries and small academic libraries used the older Dewey Decimal Classification system.
The National Library of Medicine classification system uses the initial letters W and QS–QZ, which are not used by LCC. Some libraries use NLM in conjunction with LCC, eschewing LCC's R for Medicine. Others use LCC's QP–QR schedules and include Medicine R.
Classification
Letter | Subject area |
A | General Works |
B | Philosophy. Psychology. Religion |
C | Auxiliary Sciences of History |
D | World History and History of Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, New Zealand, etc.. |
E | History of the Americas |
F | History of the Americas |
G | Geography, Anthropology, and Recreation |
H | Social Sciences |
J | Political Science |
K | Law |
L | Education |
M | Music |
N | Fine Arts |
P | Language and Literature |
Q | Science |
R | Medicine |
S | Agriculture |
T | Technology |
U | Military Science |
V | Naval Science |
Z | Bibliography, Library Science, and General Information Resources |
Class A – General Works
- – Collections. Series. Collected works
- – Encyclopedias
- – Dictionaries and other general reference works
- Subclass AI – Indexes
- Subclass AM – Museums. Collectors and collecting
- Subclass AN – Newspapers
- Subclass AP – Periodicals
- Subclass AS – Academies and learned societies
- Subclass AY – Yearbooks. Almanacs. Directories
- Subclass AZ – History of scholarship and learning. The humanities
Class B – Philosophy. Psychology. Religion
- Subclass B – Philosophy
- Subclass BC – Logic
- Subclass BD – Speculative philosophy
- Subclass BF – Psychology
- Subclass BH – Aesthetics
- Subclass BJ – Ethics
- Subclass BL – Religions. Mythology. Rationalism
- Subclass BM – Judaism
- Subclass BP – Islam. Bahaism. Theosophy, etc.
- Subclass BQ – Buddhism
- Subclass BR – Christianity
- Subclass BS – The Bible
- Subclass BT – Doctrinal theology
- Subclass BV – Practical Theology
- Subclass BX –
Class C – Auxiliary Sciences of History
- Subclass C – Auxiliary Sciences of History
- Subclass CB – History of Civilization
- Subclass CC – Archaeology
- Subclass CD – Diplomatics. Archives. Seals
- Subclass CE – Technical Chronology. Calendar
- Subclass CJ – Numismatics
- Subclass CN – Inscriptions. Epigraphy
- Subclass CR – Heraldry
- Subclass CS – Genealogy
- Subclass CT – Biography
Class D – World History and History of Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, New Zealand, etc.
- Subclass D – History
- Subclass DA – Great Britain
- Subclass DAW – Central Europe
- Subclass DB – Austria – Liechtenstein – Hungary – Czechoslovakia
- Subclass DC – France – Andorra – Monaco
- Subclass DD – Germany
- Subclass DE – Greco-Roman World
- Subclass DF – Greece
- Subclass DG – Italy – Malta
- Subclass DH – Low Countries – Benelux Countries
- Subclass DJ – Netherlands
- Subclass DJK – Eastern Europe
- Subclass DK – Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics – Poland
- Subclass DL – Northern Europe. Scandinavia
- Subclass DP – Spain – Portugal
- Subclass DQ – Switzerland
- Subclass DR – Balkan Peninsula
- Subclass DS – Asia
- Subclass DT – Africa
- Subclass DU – Oceania
- Subclass DX – Romanies
Class E – History of America
- Class E does not have any subclasses.
Class F – Local History of the Americas
- Class F does not have any subclasses, however Canadian Universities and the Canadian National Library use FC for Canadian History, a subclass that the LC has not officially adopted, but which it has agreed not to use for anything else
Class G – Geography, Anthropology, Recreation
- Subclass – Geography. Atlases. Maps
- Subclass – Mathematical geography. Cartography
- Subclass – Physical geography
- Subclass – Oceanography
- Subclass GE – Environmental Sciences
- Subclass GF – Human ecology. Anthropogeography
- Subclass – Anthropology
- Subclass – Folklore
- Subclass – Manners and customs
- Subclass – Recreation. Leisure
Class H – Social Sciences
- Subclass H – Social sciences
- Subclass HA – Statistics
- – Economic theory. Demography
- Subclass HC – Economic history and conditions
- – Industries. Land use. Labor
- – Transportation and communications
- – Commerce
- – Finance
- – Public finance
- – Sociology
- Subclass HN – Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform
- – The family. Marriage, Women and Sexuality
- – Societies: secret, benevolent, etc.
- – Communities. Classes. Races
- – Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology
- Subclass HX – Socialism. Communism. Anarchism
Class J – Political Science
- Subclass J – General legislative and executive papers
- Subclass JA – Political science
- Subclass JC – Political theory
- Subclass JF – Political institutions and public administration
- Subclass JJ – Political institutions and public administration
- Subclass JK – Political institutions and public administration
- Subclass JL – Political institutions and public administration
- Subclass JN – Political institutions and public administration
- Subclass JQ – Political institutions and public administration
- Subclass JS – Local government. Municipal government
- Subclass JV – Colonies and colonization. Emigration and immigration. International migration
- Subclass JX – International law, see JZ and KZ
- Subclass JZ – International relations
Class K – Law
- Subclass K – Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
- Subclass KB – Religious law in general. Comparative religious law. Jurisprudence
- Subclass KBM – Jewish law
- Subclass KBP – Islamic law
- Subclass KBR – History of canon law
- Subclass KBS – Canon law of Eastern churches
- Subclass KBT – Canon law of Eastern Rite Churches in Communion with the Holy See of Rome
- Subclass KBU – Law of the Roman Catholic Church. The Holy See
- Subclasses – KD/KDK - United Kingdom and Ireland
- Subclass KDZ – America. North America
- Subclass KE – Canada
- Subclass KF – United States
- Subclass KG – Latin America – Mexico and Central America – West Indies. Caribbean area
- Subclass KH – South America
- Subclasses KJ-KKZ – Europe
- Subclasses KL-KWX – Asia and Eurasia, Africa, Pacific Area, and Antarctica
- Subclass KU/KUQ – Law of Australia and New Zealand
- Subclass KZ – Law of nations
Class L – Education
- Subclass L – Education
- Subclass LA – History of education
- Subclass LB – Theory and practice of education
- Subclass LC – Special aspects of education
- Subclass LD – Individual institutions – United States
- Subclass LE – Individual institutions – America
- Subclass LF – Individual institutions – Europe
- Subclass LG – Individual institutions – Asia, Africa, Indian Ocean islands, Australia, New Zealand, Pacific islands
- Subclass LH – College and school magazines and papers
- Subclass LJ – Student fraternities and societies, United States
- Subclass LT – Textbooks
Class M – Music
- Subclass M – Music
- Subclass ML – Literature on music
- Subclass MT – Instruction and study
Class N – Fine Arts
- Subclass N – Visual arts
- Subclass NA – Architecture
- Subclass NB – Sculpture
- Subclass NC – Drawing. Design. Illustration
- Subclass ND – Painting
- Subclass NE – Print media
- Subclass NK – Decorative arts
- Subclass NX – Arts in general
Class P – Language and Literature
- – Philology. Linguistics
- – Greek language and literature. Latin language and literature
- – Modern languages. Celtic languages and literature
- – Romanic languages
- – Germanic languages. Scandinavian languages
- – English language
- – West Germanic languages
- – Slavic languages and literature. Baltic languages. Albanian language
- – Uralic languages. Basque language
- – Oriental languages and literatures
- – Indo-Iranian languages and literature
- – Languages and literature of Eastern Asia, Africa, Oceania
- – Hyperborean, Native American, and artificial languages
- – Literature
- – French literature – Italian literature – Spanish literature – Portuguese literature
- – English literature
- – American literature
- – German literature – Dutch literature – Flemish literature since 1830 – Afrikaans literature -Scandinavian literature – Old Norse literature: Old Icelandic and Old Norwegian – Modern Icelandic literature – Faroese literature – Danish literature – Norwegian literature – Swedish literature
- – Fiction and juvenile belles lettres
Class Q – Science
- Subclass Q – Science
- Subclass QA – Mathematics
- Subclass QB – Astronomy
- Subclass QC – Physics
- Subclass QD – Chemistry
- Subclass QE – Geology
- Subclass QH – Natural history – Biology
- Subclass QK – Botany
- Subclass QL – Zoology
- Subclass QM – Human anatomy
- Subclass QP – Physiology
- Subclass QR – Microbiology
Class R – Medicine
- Subclass R – Medicine
- Subclass RA – Public aspects of medicine
- Subclass RB – Pathology
- Subclass RC – Internal medicine
- Subclass RD – Surgery
- Subclass RE – Ophthalmology
- Subclass RF – Otorhinolaryngology
- Subclass RG – Gynecology and Obstetrics
- Subclass RJ – Pediatrics
- Subclass RK – Dentistry
- Subclass RL – Dermatology
- Subclass RM – Therapeutics. Pharmacology
- Subclass RS – Pharmacy and materia medica
- Subclass RT – Nursing
- Subclass RV – Botanic, Thomsonian, and Eclectic medicine
- Subclass RX – Homeopathy
- Subclass RZ – Other systems of medicine
Class S – Agriculture
- Subclass S – Agriculture
- Subclass SB – Horticulture. Plant propagation. Plant breeding
- Subclass SD – Forestry. Arboriculture. Silviculture
- Subclass SF – Animal husbandry. Animal science
- Subclass SH – Aquaculture. Fisheries. Angling
- Subclass SK – Hunting
Class T – Technology
- Subclass T – Technology
- Subclass TA – Engineering Civil engineering.
- Subclass TC – Hydraulic engineering. Ocean engineering
- Subclass TD – Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering
- Subclass TE – Highway engineering. Roads and pavements
- Subclass TF – Railroad engineering and operation
- Subclass TG – Bridges
- Subclass TH – Building construction
- Subclass TJ – Mechanical engineering and machinery
- Subclass TK – Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering
- Subclass TL – Motor vehicles. Aeronautics. Astronautics
- Subclass TN – Mining engineering. Metallurgy
- Subclass TP – Chemical technology
- Subclass TR – Photography
- Subclass TS – Manufacturing engineering. Mass production
- Subclass TT – Handicrafts. Arts and crafts
- Subclass TX – Home economics
Class U – Military Science
- Subclass U – Military science
- Subclass UA – Armies: Organization, distribution, military situation
- Subclass UB – Military administration
- Subclass UC – Military maintenance and transportation
- Subclass UD – Infantry
- Subclass UE – Cavalry. Armor
- Subclass UF – Artillery
- Subclass UG – Military engineering. Air forces
- Subclass UH – Other military services
Class V – Naval Science
- Subclass V – Naval science
- Subclass VA – Navies: Organization, distribution, naval situation
- Subclass VB – Naval administration
- Subclass VC – Naval maintenance
- Subclass VD – Naval seamen
- Subclass VE – Marines
- Subclass VF – Naval ordnance
- Subclass VG – Minor services of navies
- Subclass VK – Navigation. Merchant marine
- Subclass VM – Naval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineering